Prediction of palm-tree ganoderma affection degree by reflectance spectroscopy: Proposed methodology

The aim of this study was thus to test the relevance of statistical methods to detect the variations in spectral signature of oil-palm trees correlated to Ganoderma disease, a fungus responsible of high loss of yield and trees in palm groves. The objective is too discriminate infected palm trees and to establish a ranking in the degree of infection. Some previous studies (Lanore, 2006; et Brégand, 2007) revealed that it is feasible, but the number of individuals was too small to lead to statistically reliable models; thus, it is still to confirm and validate. More especially, the present study focuses on the possibility of infected palm-tree discrimination in accordance to four sickness degrees: Healthy, Low, Medium and High infection. It will test this potential at several scales: the leaflet, the canopy, and by remote sensing. (Résumé d'auteur

The topological structure of 2D disordered cellular systems

We analyze the structure of two dimensional disordered cellular systems generated by extensive computer simulations. These cellular structures are studied as topological trees rooted on a central cell or as closed shells arranged concentrically around a germ cell. We single out the most significant parameters that characterize statistically the organization of these patterns. Universality and specificity in disordered cellular structures are discussed.Comment: 18 Pages LaTeX, 16 Postscript figure

Le psoriasis : évolution et révolution

Conséquence d’un renouvellement accéléré de l’épiderme entretenu par une inflammation chronique, le psoriasis associe, sur un terrain génétique particulier, une hyperréactivité variable de plusieurs gènes. La maladie se présente comme une réaction exagérée de la peau aux agressions de la vie quotidienne, qu’elles soient exogènes ou endogènes, ces agressions entraînant une libération excessive de cytokines pro-inflammatoires aboutissant au déclenchement d’un processus inflammatoire qui rend la maladie chronique. En fonction des modes successives, l’attention des chercheurs s’est portée sur les anomalies de la peau ou sur les anomalies des cellules inflammatoires caractéristiques de l’inflammation psoriasique. En fait, il semble maintenant nécessaire d’étudier les anomalies génétiques et les anomalies des voies de signalisation qui aboutissent à une sécrétion excessive de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, mais aussi de mieux comprendre les interactions entre cellules cutanées et cellules inflammatoires. Les progrès thérapeutiques récents, dans le traitement du psoriasis, reposent avant tout sur la mise en place de techniques permettant un meilleur ajustement des outils thérapeutiques aux besoins des patients. De fait, si le psoriasis met rarement la vie en danger, il atteint souvent gravement la qualité de la vie : l’objectif est donc d’élaborer une stratégie thérapeutique qui améliore cette qualité de vie, que seul le patient peut évaluer. Cette stratégie, permettant d’ajuster les possibilités thérapeutiques à chaque patient, repose sur quatre phases successives : le questionnement, qui permet d’évaluer la gravité de la maladie, les explications, qui permettent au malade de comprendre comment il peut agir sur sa maladie, la négociation, qui devient l’acte médical principal, et doit aboutir à une décision thérapeutique partagée. Il s’agit là d’une révolution, au sens propre, dans la relation entre le médecin et le malade : l’éducation du patient se situe au coeur de la démarche thérapeutique. C’est dans ce contexte que sont apparus de nouveaux médicaments, très intéressants sur le plan scientifique et apportant l’espoir d’une efficacité raisonnable, associée à une bonne tolérance. Ces médicaments sont toutefois très coûteux, ouvrant en cela le débat des possibilités et des limites de la solidarité.Psoriasis is a model disease in dermatology. It is a common disease that affects at least 2 to 3 % of the population. It is an illness characterized by an excessive reaction of the skin, in term of proinflammatory cytokines release, to no specific attacks: these attacks can be immunological, mechanical, metabolic, drug-induced or psychological. This excessive reaction is characterized by epidermal proliferation combined with incomplete terminal differentiation, as well as an inflammatory response responsible for the chronic nature of the lesions. The way to understand psoriasis is therefore to reach a better appreciation of the messages that enable the skin cells to initiate an inflammatory response, and by better understanding the way in which the inflammatory cells responsible for innate and acquired immune responses are capable of bringing about proliferation and abnormal epidermal differentiation. Taking an interest in psoriasis is therefore taking an interest in all facets of skin physiology and in all the ways the skin reacts to attacks from the environment. Every year for more than thirty years, more than 300 publications have endeavoured to explore one aspect or another of psoriasis from a clinical, epidemiological, physiopathological or therapeutic point of view. There is no new technique for observing the skin that has not been immediately applied to the study of psoriasis - which is privileged to enjoy the reflected progress made in dermatology. Nor has psoriasis remained untouched by whims of fashion, all manner of scenarios having been suggested to explain it, right from a scarring disease to an autoimmune illness through a genetic or psychosomatic disorder. Psoriasis is at the origin of a medical revolution mounted to supplement and enhance the effectiveness of evidence-based medicine ; it is the “patient-centred medicine”. Psoriasis only exceptionally jeopardizes life. Conversely, it is a disease that does affect quality of life. The patient alone must be the judge of his or her quality of life, and it is therefore up to the patient, not the doctor, to gauge the severity of psoriasis and hence decide on reasonable therapeutic indications. Psoriasis, then, cannot be treated without placing the patient, not the illness, at the centre of therapeutic negotiations. The 20th century has seen the disease targeted by boundless efforts ; the 21st century will see the development of medical techniques that allow the patient, in all its complexity, to be positioned at the centre of therapeutic efforts. This revolution began in dermatology, centring around psoriasis, and is spreading progressively to all chronic disorders and all disciplines. New quite interesting therapeutic weapons are available from a few months making possible to better adjust the therapeutic strategies of psoriasis to the patients needs but they are expensive opening again the debates on the limit of the social solidarity

Effects of electron-phonon interactions on the electron tunneling spectrum of PbS quantum dots

We present a tunnel spectroscopy study of single PbS Quantum Dots (QDs) as function of temperature and gate voltage. Three distinct signatures of strong electron-phonon coupling are observed in the Electron Tunneling Spectrum (ETS) of these QDs. In the shell-filling regime, the $8\times$ degeneracy of the electronic levels is lifted by the Coulomb interactions and allows the observation of phonon sub-bands that result from the emission of optical phonons. At low bias, a gap is observed in the ETS that cannot be closed with the gate voltage, which is a distinguishing feature of the Franck-Condon (FC) blockade. From the data, a Huang-Rhys factor in the range $S\sim 1.7 - 2.5$ is obtained. Finally, in the shell tunneling regime, the optical phonons appear in the inelastic ETS $d^2I/dV^2$.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Discrimination of fungal disease infestation in oil-palm canopy hyperspectral reflectance data

This study focuses on the calibration of a statistical model of discrimination between different stages of a fungal disease attack on oil palm, based on field hyperspectral measurements at the canopy scale. Combinations of preprocessing, partial least square regression and factorial discriminant analysis are tested on a hundred of samples to prove the efficiency of canopy reflectance to provide information about the plant sanitary status. A robust algorithm is thus derived, allowing classifying oil palm in a 4-level typology, based on disease severity levels from the sane to the critically sick tree with a global performance of more than 92%. Applications and further improvements of this experiment are discussed. (Résumé d'auteur