Growth of Periruminant Holstein Bull Calves Fed a Fermentation Extract of Aspergillus oryzae

A fermentation extract of the fungus Aspergillus oryzae can be utilized as a direct fed microbial (DFM). The objective was to determine if dietary inclusion of an extract of A. oryzae would improve the growth of Holstein bull calves from birth through 1wk post weaning; it was hypothesized that it would. Calves were randomly assigned to a slaughter age, 4 wk (n = 16) or 8 wk (n = 36) and treatment, control (CON; n = 27) or DFM (n = 25). Calves averaged 43.2 ± 1.0 kg of body weight (BW) and 2.8 ± 0.3 days of age at the beginning of the experiment. Calves were housed and fed individually; no bedding was used. Calves assigned to DFM were fed 2 g/d of DFM. Liquid DFM was delivered in milk replacer for the first 4 wk of the trial; solid DFM was top-dressed on texturized grain thereafter. Calves were fed non-medicated milk replacer twice daily (22.0% CP, 20.0% fat DM basis; 680 g/d) and were weaned upon consumption of 0.91 kg of grain (20% CP, 2.0% fat; medicated with decoquinate) for 3 consecutive days or on d 45 of the study, whichever came first. Calves had ad libitum access to grain and water throughout the trial. Feed intake was recorded daily, and BW was recorded weekly. Total dry matter intake per calf did not differ from 0 thru 4 wk (20.3 ± 0.6 kg of DM) or 5 thru 8 wk (58.0 ± 2.08 kg of DM). The gain to feed ratio did not differ by treatment: from 0 thru 4wk (0.55 ± 0.03) or 5 thru 8wk (0.52 ± 0.03). There was no effect of treatment on BW, wither height, or hip height.. Thus, dietary inclusion (2 g/d) of an extract of A. oryzae did not result in improved calf growth when supplemented animals were compared to cohorts not fed the DFM. It is possible that the dose used here was not high enough to elicit treatment effects. Given that effects have been noted in other species, a follow-up dose titration study with similar diets as used here seems warranted.Ohio Dairy Research Fund (Ohio Dairy Producers Association, Columbus, OH)Biozyme, Inc. (St. Joseph, MO).No embargoAcademic Major: Animal Science

Generational shifts and the creation of political selves : a focus group investigation

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 10, 2009)Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2007.A preponderance of research in political communication has centered on the lack of voter mobilization and indicates that the youth of the nation do not participate in the democratic process. In 2000, national research teams collected data about this problem and the results indicated that there is a generational difference in how citizens define their roles in civic engagement. In an effort to explore those differences, this study seeks to answer questions about how citizens talk about their involvement or lack of involvement. By talking with small groups of citizens that represented different generations, it is clear that the problem with civic engagement is not only that citizens are not voting, but that citizens view themselves as political participants in different ways that traditional measures suggest. This study is based on a social constructionist perspective and utilizes Post-Modernization and Generational Replacement Theory to further understand the political talk of citizens. The results indicate that new definitions of civic engagement and political involvement are necessary to truly understand why democracy seems to be changing and what pro-involvement researchers and movements can do to ensure the health of our democracy.Includes bibliographical reference

Analiza argumentacji prawniczej. Który z modeli teoretycznych jest najbardziej kompleksowy?

Today, there is a clear need in developing a unified theoretical model of legal argumentation viable for all areas of legal practice and legal doctrine. Despite the existence of several models within either general argumentation theory or multiple judicial-reasoning doctrines, none of them can be used as a universal tool for studies of legal argumentation. The aim of this article is to suggest a theoretical model of legal argumentation viable for analysis of legal argumentation not only in judicial reasoning but also in other areas, e.g., law making, law application, or law interpretation. The subject matter of this article is a theoretical model of legal argumentation as a universal multidisciplinary theoretical basis for legal argumentation analysis. The theoretical model of legal argumentation encompasses an argumentative situation, a body of legal arguing, instruments of legal arguing and argumentation, a reconstruction and an evaluation of legal argumentation. In its turn, the body of legal arguing includes: parties of legal arguing, a subject of legal arguing, and a content of legal arguing. The instruments of legal arguing include legal and other arguments, argument schemes, argumentation structures, and rules of legal argumentation.Obecnie istnieje wyraźna potrzeba opracowania jednolitego modelu teoretycznego argumentacji prawniczej, przystającego do wszystkich dziedzin praktyki i doktryny prawa. Pomimo istnienia kilku modeli – czy to w ramach ogólnej teorii argumentacji, czy to w ramach rozmaitych doktryn rozumowania sądowego – żadnego z nich nie można użyć jako uniwersalnego narzędzia do badania argumentacji prawniczej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zasugerowanie teoretycznego modelu argumentacji prawniczej, odpowiedniego dla analizy nie tylko w rozumowaniach sądowych, lecz także w pozostałych obszarach, np. w legislacji czy też w procesie stosowania lub wykładni prawa. Przedmiotem opracowania jest teoretyczny model argumentacji prawniczej jako uniwersalnej multidyscyplinarnej bazy teoretycznej dla analizy argumentacji prawniczej. Teoretyczny model argumentacji prawniczej obejmuje sytuację argumentacyjną, elementy sporu prawnego, instrumenty sporu prawnego i argumentacji prawniczej, rekonstrukcję i ocenę argumentacji prawniczej. Z kolei elementy sporu prawnego obejmują: strony sporu prawnego; przedmiot sporu prawnego; treść sporu prawnego. Instrumenty sporu prawnego to: argumenty prawne i inne, schematy argumentacyjne, struktury argumentacyjne oraz zasady argumentacji prawniczej

Independent- Oct. 9, 1995

https://neiudc.neiu.edu/independent/1139/thumbnail.jp

Independent- Dec. 4, 1995

https://neiudc.neiu.edu/independent/1143/thumbnail.jp