On the dynamic behavior of Vowel-to-Vowel Harmony in French: Do speakers control states or changes?

International audienceIntroduction: Vowel Harmony (VH) in French, as described by (Grammont, 1933) has been investigated experimentally by Nguyen & Fagyal (2008). Acoustic analyses of the formant frequencies of vowels produced in [...]V1 CV2 [...] sequences showed that french mid-vowels ([e] ∼ [E], [o] ∼ [O], [ø] ∼ [œ]) tend to exhibit a more peripheral position in the acoustic vowel space when followed by a non-low vowel compared to a mid-low or low vowel: when V2 is low (as in /eta/), V1 tends to be lower than when it is followed by a non-low vowel (as in /ete/). This is apparent in acoustic measurements of both F1 and F2 formant frequencies and the statistical analyses that were performed by the authors are overall significant. Recently, we investigated this phenomenon at 3 different positions within V1 . Indeed, though Nguyen & Fagyal (2008)'s data are in accordance with classical views on vowel harmony in French, their results were based on measurements taken from the acoustic midpoint of V1 vowels. Our aim was to investigate the short-term evolution of this phenomenon over the time course of the harmonised vowel (cf. Fig. 1). Experiment: In order to address this issue, an experiment was designed to investigate VH phenomena in French at different temporal positions in the supposedly harmonised vowel in order to provide data on the temporal course of formant trajectories when V2 is either a low or a non-low vowel. Four French speakers participated in this experiment. A series of repeated measures ANOVAs was performed on each of the first three formants at 3 temporal positions within the first vowel. These analyses partly confirm Nguyen & Fagyal (2008)'s conclusions. Though there's a broad influence of V2 on the spectral properties of V1 at the three investigated temporal positions, not all V1 − V2 associations lead to significant effects. Specifically, there was no significant harmonic influence for rounded vowels (V1 = /O/, V2 ∈ /o, O, ø, œ) and, concerning unrounded vowels (V1 = /E/, V2 ∈ /i, e, E, a), only when V1 is followed by one of the more extreme vowels (namely /i/ and /a/) is the effect stable, leading to hypothesize a strong influence of the articulatory / acoustic distance between V2 targets. As a parallel complement to this analysis, we have started investigating the relationships between this phenomenon and temporal properties of the speech signal. Indeed, though V-to-V coarticulation has mainly been described in terms of static targets (speakers' articulatory configuration on V1 would be influenced by the planned configuration for V2 ), a dynamic modelling of this contextual effect may be favoured that would conceive this behavior in terms of speakers controlling trajectory slopes, reached targets then being the consequences of these time-speed relations (Carré, Pellegrino, & Divenyi, 2007). According to such an approach, temporal variation and evolution of V1 formant trajectories would provide crucial insights into the modelling of this speech production behavior as these effects may ultimately depend on vowel duration. One may then hypothesize that, in order to keep time-speed relations relatively constant within V-to-V sequences, long vowels should exhibit a reduction in vowel harmony during the initial phases of V1 while short vowels should reflect maximal vowel harmony effects. The predicted difference between short and long vowels should vanish within the final phases. According to a static conception of this phenomenon, such a pattern may also be interpreted in terms of a variation in coarticulation distance window. However, investigating formant slopes would provide a complementary testbed for comparison of these accounts. Short results: After categorizing V1 s on the basis of their physical duration, we have compared the shorter 1/3rd vowels with the longer 1/3rd ones from two related points of views. Harmonic effects (low vs. non-low v2 ) have been compared for v1 formant frequencies depending on its categorized physical duration using Student's t-tests. Though all effects vanish when measuring at the beginning of v1 (which may be attributed to the power of the test as only 1/3rd of the data are analysed), the harmonic effects occuring at the vowel-midpoint are mainly preserved for short vowels (harmonic effects appear for the 3 formants) whereas they only occur for F1 when measuring on long vowels. According to this observation, it is possible that this pattern were an expression of our prediction toward maximising harmony effects on short vowels. Nevertheless, it may also occur due to a reduction in sample power. Discussion: Complementary analyses are being performed in order to clarify these patterns, among which investigating the difference between V1 and V2 formant frequencies (resp. F1 and F2 ) as this harmonic phenomenon tend to make V1 and V2 formant frequencies get closer to one another and normalising frequencies for speaker variations in order to compensate for individual variability. We are also currently investigating an alternate methodology in order to investigate these comparisons further as a frequentist framework based on parametric comparison for means may not be the most appropriate approach to investigating these issues. Analyses based on a Bayesian framework investigating continuous formant tracks (Davidson, 2006, SSANOVA) are being peformed that would provide a more adequate approach

Body-assisted van der Waals interaction between two atoms

Using fourth-order perturbation theory, a general formula for the van der Waals potential of two neutral, unpolarized, ground-state atoms in the presence of an arbitrary arrangement of dispersing and absorbing magnetodielectric bodies is derived. The theory is applied to two atoms in bulk material and in front of a planar multilayer system, with special emphasis on the cases of a perfectly reflecting plate and a semi-infinite half space. It is demonstrated that the enhancement and reduction of the two-atom interaction due to the presence of a perfectly reflecting plate can be understood, at least in the nonretarded limit, by using the method of image charges. For the semi-infinite half space, both analytical and numerical results are presented.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Elite athletes' genetic predisposition for altered risk of complex metabolic traits

BACKGROUND: Genetic variants may predispose humans to elevated risk of common metabolic morbidities such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Some of these variants have also been shown to influence elite athletic performance and the response to exercise training. We compared the genotype distribution of five genetic Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) known to be associated with obesity and obesity co-morbidities (IGF2BP2 rs4402960, LPL rs320, LPL rs328, KCJN rs5219, and MTHFR rs1801133) between athletes (all male, n = 461; endurance athletes n = 254, sprint/power athletes n = 207), and controls (all male, n = 544) in Polish and Russian samples. We also examined the association between these SNPs and the athletes’ competition level (‘elite’ and ‘national’ level). Genotypes were analysed by Single-Base Extension and Real-Time PCR. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the association between genotypes and athletic status/competition level. RESULTS: IGF2BP2 rs4402960 and LPL rs320 were significantly associated with athletic status; sprint/power athletes were twice more likely to have the IGF2BP2 rs4402960 risk (T) allele compared to endurance athletes (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.03-4.30, P <0.041), and non-athletic controls were significantly less likely to have the T allele compared to sprint/power athletes (OR = 0.62, 95% CI =0.43-0.89, P <0.0009). The control group was significantly more likely to have the LPL rs320 risk (G) allele compared to endurance athletes (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.05-1.52, P <0.013). Hence, endurance athletes were the “protected” group being significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to have the risk allele compared to sprint/power athletes (IGF2BP2 rs4402960) and significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to have the risk allele compared to controls (LPL rs320). The other 3 SNPs did not show significant differences between the study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Male endurance athletes are less likely to have the metabolic risk alleles of IGF2BP2 rs4402960 and LPL rs320, compared to sprint/power athletes and controls, respectively. These results suggest that some SNPs across the human genome have a dual effect and may predispose endurance athletes to reduced risk of developing metabolic morbidities, whereas sprint/power athletes might be predisposed to elevated risk

Double-Pionic Fusion of Nuclear Systems and the ABCEffect -- Aproaching a Puzzle by Exclusive and Kinematically Complete Measurements

The ABC effect - a puzzling low-mass enhancement in the $\pi\pi$ invariant mass spectrum - is well-known from inclusive measurements of two-pion production in nuclear fusion reactions. Here we report on first exclusive and kinematically complete measurements of the most basic double pionic fusion reaction $pn \to d \pi^0\pi^0$ at 1.03 and 1.35 GeV. The measurements, which have been carried out at CELSIUS-WASA, reveal the ABC effect to be a $(\pi\pi)_{I=L=0}$ channel phenomenon associated with both a resonance-like energy dependence in the integral cross section and the formation of a $\Delta\Delta$ system in the intermediate state. A corresponding simple s-channel resonance ansatz provides a surprisingly good description of the data

Abelian duality in three dimensions

Abelian duality on the closed three-dimensional Riemannian manifold M is discussed. Partition functions for the ordinary U(1) gauge theory and a circle-valued scalar field theory on M are explicitly calculated and compared. It is shown that the both theories are mutually dual.Comment: 12 pages, final versio