PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA: CULTURA AMBIENTAL Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

Taxonomy of endosymbiotic bacteria from a novel Lupinus sp. (Lupinus mariae-josephi) endemic of a limed-alkaline soil habitat in Southeastern Spain

Lupinus mariae-josephi is a recently described Lupinus species (Pascual 2004) endemic of a Southeastern area of Spain with soils singularly of high pH and active lime content where it is endangered due to the reduced size of its habitat. Ten isolates of L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria were obtained using trap-plants and soils from five sampling points within a native plant population area in Llombai (Valencia, Spain). The microsymbionts are extra-slow (ultrabradytrophic) growing bacteria with phenotypic and symbiotic characteristics singularly different from Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating other Lupinus spp. thriving in the Iberian Peninsula and adapted to growth in acidic soils. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed that these L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria isolates are unable to nodulate or efficiently fix nitrogen with other Lupinus spp. Their phylogenetic status was examined by a multilocus sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes (16S rDNA, glnII, recA, atpD) and the symbiotic nodC gene. The 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis showed that L. mariae-josephi isolates are related to strains nodulating Retama spp. in northeastern Algeria (Boulila et al., 2009), Phaseolus lunatus from Peru (Ormeño-Orrillo et al., 2006), as well as to B. elkanii, B. jicamae and B. pachyrhizi species, forming a new clade (Clade I) within the Bradyrhizobium genus. All the single and concatenated glnII+recA and glnII+recA+atpD analyses consistently support the existence of Clade I, and also revealed that, within this clade, the L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria belong to a single evolutionary lineage that also includes strains nodulating Retama spp. from northeastern Algeria. Within this new Bradyrhizobium lineage, the phylogenetic analyses performed showed essentially convergent results indicating that the tested L. mariae-josephi isolates nested in three sub-groups that might correspond to novel sister Bradyrhizobium species. Bradyrhizobium Clade I is highly differentiated from the Bradyrhizobium clade (Clade II) that includes currently named Bradyrhizobium species and well-delineated unnamed genospecies. Singularly, all the endosymbiotic bacteria from Lupinus species adapted to acid soils in the Iberian Peninsula and tested in this study are included in Clade II. They are related either to strains of the B. canariense or B. japonicum lineages. The phylogenetic analysis based on the symbiotic nodC gene showed that L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria define a novel branch in the nodC Bradyrhizobium tree. This branch groups together with a branch that gathers isolates from recently studied legume symbiosis such as isolates from Retama spp., which suggests the existence of a common unique ancestor for the symbiotic genes of these two groups of bradyrhizobia. In contrast, the symbiotic genes of isolates from other Lupinus spp. from the Iberian Peninsula are clearly related to the B. canariense lineage. The allopatric (geographic) speciation of the L. mariae-josephi bradyrhizobia may result from the colonization of a singular habitat, such as the basic and high calcium carbonate soils of the Valencia area, by its unique legume host

Gender- and hydration-associated differences in the physiological response to spinning

UniveIntroduction: There is scarce and inconsistent information about gender-related differences in the hydration of sports persons, as well as about the effects of hydration on performance, especially during indoor sports. Objective: To determine the physiological differences between genders during in indoor physical exercise, with and without hydration. Methods: 21 spinning sportspeople (12 men and 9 women) participated in three controlled, randomly assigned and non-sequential hydration protocols, including no fluid intake and hydration with plain water or a sports drink (volume adjusted to each individual every 15 min), during 90 min of spinning exercise. The response variables included body mass, body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure. Results: During exercise without hydration, men and women lost ~2% of body mass, and showed higher body temperature (~0.2°C), blood pressure (~4 mmHg) and heart rate (~7 beats/min) compared to exercises with hydration. Body temperature and blood pressure were higher for men than for women during exercise without hydration, differences not observed during exercise with hydration. Between 42-99% of variance in body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate could be explained by the physical characteristics of subjects and the work done. Conclusions: During exercise with hydration (either with water or sport drink), the physiological response was similar for both genders. Exercise without hydration produced physical stress, which could be prevented with either of the fluids (plain water was sufficient). Gender differences in the physiological response to spinning (body temperature, mean blood pressure and heart rate) can be explained in part by the distinct physical characteristics of each individual. (Nutr Hosp. 2014;29:644-651) DOI:10.3305/nh.2014.29.3.701

Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of endosymbiotic bacteria from Lupinus mariae-josephi

Lupinus mariae-josephi is a Lupinus species that thrives in a Southeastern area of Spain (Valencia) in soils of singularly high pH and active lime content. It is nodulated by extra-slow growing bacteria symbiotically and phylogenetically distant to endosymbiotic strains nodulating other Lupinus sp. native of the Iberian Peninsula and adapted to growth in acid soils. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed that the L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria are unable to nodulate or efficiently fix nitrogen with well-known Lupinus spp. Their species affiliation was examined by a multilocus sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes (16S rDNA, glnII, recA, atpD) and the symbiotic nodC gene. Single and concatenated phylogenetic analyses of these genes consistently revealed that L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria belong to a clade, within the Bradyrhizobium genus, highly differentiated from the Bradyrhizobium clade that includes currently named Bradyrhizobium species as well as the endosymbiotic bacteria from Lupinus species tested in this study. Within this new clade the L. mariae-josephi bacteria nested in several subgroup that may correspond to novel sister species. The phylogenetic analysis based on the nodC gene showed that L. mariae-josephi endosymbiotic bacteria define a novel branch of the nodC Bradyrhizobium tree and likely have a common unique ancestor for the symbiotic genes with nodule isolates from Retama spp

Role of membrane attack complex in immunometabolism and inflammasome activation

The complement system, an ancient and critical part of innate immunity, has been recently involved in novel roles other than lysis to clear pathogens, implicating regulation of the innate immune response, as well as acting as an immunometabolic regulator. Complement has been shown to contribute to metabolic reprogramming of T-cells, synoviocytes as well as cells in the CNS, however, whether this is also the case for the terminal stage in the complement activation pathways, the membrane attack complex (MAC), is unclear. MAC is upregulated in diabetic and rheumatoid arthritis patients, contributing pathologically by increasing inflammation. Previous research has highlighted that a sublytic dose of MAC can initiate NLRP3 inflammasome activation via calcium influx and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This thesis shows that sublytic concentrations of MAC mediate a previously undescribed perturbation in cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in human monocyte-derived macrophages. This is characterised by phenotypic skewing towards glycolysis and alterations of pyruvate metabolism, as well as loss of maximal mitochondrial respiratory response, fragmented mitochondrial morphology and depleted mitochondrial membrane potential, mediating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, gasdermin D formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. This novel link between sublytic MAC and immunometabolism elucidates a novel signalling cascade with metabolic alterations at its centre, having direct consequences for downstream inflammatory processes, and is important for development of novel therapeutics for areas where MAC may mediate disease

Simultaneous conventional and microwave heating for the synthesis of adsorbents for CO2 capture: comparative study to pristine technologies

Microwave has become an attractive technology in the valorisation of renewable biomass and in the mitigation of challenges of climate change. In this work, the synergic effects of coupling microwave and mild conventional heating conditions has been investigated in preparing engineered ultra-micropore carbons from lignocellulosic biomass. The processing conditions were systematically investigated and correlated to the physicochemical properties of activated carbons produced and their performance in post-combustion CO2 capture. The highest CO2 uptake (225 mg g-1) was achieved for the hybrid carbon produced at low temperature (600 °C) and modest microwave intensity. The synergic effect of hybrid heating was confirmed by the significant CO2 uptake increase up to 80 and 60 % for the activated carbons prepared by microwave and conventional heating, respectively. The enhanced adsorption was confirmed by cyclic regeneration up to 99 % after 16 adsorption-desorption cycles, showing a linear correlation between the surface area, micropore volume and CO2 uptake. The Pseudo-first order model accurately describes the adsorption phenomena, indicating that physisorption is the primary mechanism governing the process. The results acquired from this study highlight the process intensification in the synthesis of porous materials with comparable properties that are typically attained in conventional heating using energy intensive conditions. Additionally, this approach reveals the benefits of conventional treatment for increasing the material’s microwave susceptibility and as consequence to reduce the processing time by microwave heating. The synergic effects confirms the potential of hybrid heating for applications where fast and selective heating is paramount

Experimental Demonstration of a Cognitive Optical Network for Reduction of Restoration Time

This paper presents the implementation and performance evaluation of a cognitive heterogeneous optical network testbed. The testbed integrates the CMP, the data plane and the cognitive system and reduces by 48% the link restoration time. This paper presents the implementation and performance evaluation of a cognitive heterogeneous optical network testbed. The testbed integrates the CMP, the data plane and the cognitive system and reduces by 48% the link restoration time

Metabolic regulators of enigmatic inflammasomes in autoimmune diseases and crosstalk with innate immune receptors

Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR)-mediated inflammasome activation is important in host response to microbes, danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and metabolic disease. Some NLRs have been shown to interact with distinct cell metabolic pathways and cause negative regulation, tumorigenesis and autoimmune disorders, interacting with multiple innate immune receptors to modulate disease. NLR activation is therefore crucial in host response and in the regulation of metabolic pathways that can trigger a wide range of immunometabolic diseases or syndromes. However, the exact mode by which some of the less well-studied NLR inflammasomes are activated, interact with other metabolites and immune receptors, and the role they play in the progression of metabolic diseases is still not fully elucidated. In this study, we review up-to-date evidence regarding NLR function in metabolic pathways and the interplay with other immune receptors involved in GPCR signalling, gut microbiota and the complement system, in order to gain a better understanding of its link to disease processes

The use of NOLM for investigations of initial development of supercontinuum in fibers with anomalous dispersion¹

We performed a numerical study of the transmission through a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) of a sequence of solitons enerated at the initial stage of the supercontinuum (SC) generation. We found that the NOLM exhibits a selective transmission that critically dependents on the amplitude of the input solitons and on the NOLM loop length. The results demonstrate that by properly selecting these parameters the NOLM behaves as an optically controlled switch that allows the transmission of solitons with similar amplitude and width. The results obtained by employing this method are reasonably good and can be used to analyze the soliton formation at the initial stage of SC generation

Deshidratado de rebanadas de mango tommy atkins utilizando extractos de sus semillas y metabisulfito de sodio como pretratamientos

El mango (Mangifera indica L.) es uno de los frutos tropicales de mayor producción en el mundo, además proporciona a la dieta compuestos antioxidantes y nutrientes. Para prolongar la vida de anaquel de éste fruto se puede llevar a cabo un proceso de secado; sin embargo, durante el secado el fruto presenta cambios indeseables de color y una disminución en el contenido de compuestos antioxidantes. Estos efectos pueden atenuarse mediante el uso de pretratamientos, los cuales pueden acelerar la velocidad de secado, mejorar la calidad del producto, evitar la degradación de los compuestos antioxidantes y reducir el oscurecimiento del fruto. Por tal motivo, el presente estudio consistió en evaluar el efecto de tres pretratamientos en el deshidratado de rebanadas de mango en un secador de charolas giratorias. Los tratamientos fueron PT1, Na2S2O5 al 0.5%; PT2, extracto de semilla de mango al 1.44% y PT3, Na2S2O5 al 0.5% + extracto de semilla de mango al 1.44%. El extracto de semilla de mango presentó un contenido de compuestos fenólicos de 230.00±0.08 mg EAG*(100 g de semilla fresca) -1 y una eficiencia antirradicalar de 1.80 x 10-4 kg de DPPH*/g de extracto*min. Los pretratamientos de las rebanadas de mango se llevaron a cabo por inmersión en soluciones preparadas durante 3 min. Las condiciones de secado fueron 60°C, 1.2 m*s-1 y rotación de charolas de 20 rpm hasta obtener una humedad final de 15% aproximadamente. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron las curvas de secado, las difusividades efectivas y las constantes de velocidad mediante una regresión no lineal utilizando el modelo de Midilli et al. (2002). Las mejores retenciones de vitamina C, fenoles totales y carotenos totales se observaron en las rebanadas PT3 con valores 96.52±5.09 mg EAA*(100 g de masa seca) -1 , 368.00±11.84 mg de EAG*(100 g de masa seca) -1 y 10.27±0.23 mg β-caroteno*(100 g de masa seca)-1 , respectivamente. También se determinaron los sulfitos, obteniendo una concentración de 900.28±43.97 mg de SO3 2-*(kg de masa seca) -1 en PT3. Finalmente, se cuantificaron seis compuestos fenólicos (ácido ferúlico, galato de metilo, mangiferina, ácido gálico, ácido cafeico y ácido pcumárico) en las cuatro muestras deshidratadas utilizando un HPLC. Las muestras pretratadas con extracto de semilla de mango (PT2 y PT3) presentaron un incremento drástico en la concentración del ácido p-cumárico, con concentraciones de 108.94±0.67 y 102.18±0.55 mg*(100 g de masa seca)-1 , respectivamente. En conclusión, el presente estudio demuestra que la combinación de sulfitos con extractos de semilla de mango promueve la fortificación de los compuestos fenólicos, con excepción de la mangiferina, en las rebanadas de mango y disminuye el oscurecimiento durante el proceso de secado