Dextran sulfate enhances the level of an oxidative DNA damage biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 0-deoxyguanosine, in rat colonic mucosa

Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) given in drinking water can induce colonic Inflammation and produce colorectal tumors in rodents, although it is not directly genotoxic. The hypothesis that DSS can produce free radicals and induce oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa has been tested. In rats fed for 2 days with water containing 3% and 6% DSS, colonic Inflammation manifestations were recorded and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2 0-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a major biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was assayed in colonic mucosa. As compared with control rats given pure water, inflammatory manifestations were seen in rats given DSS. At the same time, 8-oxodGuo levels in colonic mucosa were doubled (P , 0:001). These results suggest that formation of oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa depends on inflammation and maybe on the production of reactive oxygen species. This study shows that DSS can induce oxidative DNA damage within only 2 days, which could explain in part its carcinogenic properties

Comparaison de quelques peuplements nématologiques des Petites Antilles

L'enquête faunistique effectuée sur trois îles des Antilles : Union, Barbade et la Martinique a permis de collecter 63 espèces de nématodes appartenant à 25 genres. Plus de la moitié des genres sont multispécifiques, avec un maximum de 7 espèces pour le genre #Xiphinema. A l'exception de 4 espèces : #Tylenchorhynchus curvus Williams, 1960, #Gracilacus aonli (Misra & Edward, 1971) Raski, 1976, #Helicotylenchus retusus Siddiqi & Brown, 1964 et #Pratylenchus teres Khan & Singh, 1975, toutes les autres existent en Amérique du Sud. Trois espèces seulement sont communes aux trois îles : #Paratylenchus elachistus Steiner, 1949, #Pratylenchus zeae Graham, 1951 et #Rotylenchus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, 1940. C'est à la Martinique, la plus vaste des trois îles, où l'altitude est la plus élevée, la pluviométrie la plus forte, qu'il y a le plus d'espèces et de genres, bien que la plus éloignée du continent américain. Le taux d'endémisme qui atteint 7 % est relativement faible. (Résumé d'auteur

Genetic relations between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench

International audienceWe surveyed the junction between the central and southern Philippine Trench and the Sangihe Trench near 6øN using swath bathymetry, gravity, and magnetics. These data, along with seismicity, allow us to discuss the genetic relations between these trenches and the forces acting on converging plates. Our final model favors the northern extension of the Halmahera Arc up to 8øN, with three segments offset left-laterally along NW-SE transform faults. Accretion of the northern segment to Mindanao Island 4 to 5 m.y. ago resulted in the failure within the Philippine Sea Plate east of the arc. Initiation of the Philippine Trench between 7øN and 10øN agrees with the maximum recorded depth of the Philippine Trench floor (10,000 m below sea-level) and Philippine Sea slab (200 km). South of 6øN (trench junction), another segment of the arc is being subducted beneath the Sangihe margin, while south of 3øN, the southern segment of the Halmahera Arc is still active. The rapid southward shallowing of the trench floor along the southern Philippine Trench, the type of faulting affecting both sides of the trench, the lack of significant interplate seismicity, and the concentration of the seismicity beneath the Miangas-Talaud Ridge are interpreted as a slowing down of the subduction along this branch of the Philippine Trench compared with the rest of the subduction zone. The Sangihe deformation front has been recognized up to 7øN but seems active only south of 6øN

Dextran sulfate enhances the level of an oxidative DNA damage biomarker, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, in rat colonic mucosa.

International audienceDextran sodium sulfate (DSS) given in drinking water can induce colonic inflammation and produce colorectal tumors in rodents, although it is not directly genotoxic. The hypothesis that DSS can produce free radicals and induce oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa has been tested. In rats fed for 2 days with water containing 3% and 6% DSS, colonic inflammation manifestations were recorded and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), a major biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, was assayed in colonic mucosa. As compared with control rats given pure water, inflammatory manifestations were seen in rats given DSS. At the same time, 8-oxodGuo levels in colonic mucosa were doubled (P < 0.001). These results suggest that formation of oxidative DNA damage in colonic mucosa depends on inflammation and maybe on the production of reactive oxygen species. This study shows that DSS can induce oxidative DNA damage within only 2 days, which could explain in part its carcinogenic properties

Jachères naturelles et restauration des propriétés des sols en zone semi-aride. Cas du Sénégal

L'objectif des travaux est d'analyser, dans une zone sahélo-soudanienn e fortement peuplée du Sénégal, les effets de jachères naturelles, d'âge et de gestion différents, sur les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et biologiques des sols. Avec une protection totale contre le pâturage et l'exploitation du bois, 15 ans de jachère permettent d'accroître les teneurs en matière organique de 50 %. La porosité totale de l'horizon de surface est multipliée par deux, l'abondance des macro-agrégats s'accroît de 50 à 70 % et la biomasse microbienne totale de 30 %. Quinze années de jachère protégée ne provoquent pas une baisse de la densité globale d'infestation en nématodes phytoparasites, mais modifient la composition spécifique du peuplement. Les jachères anciennes soumises à une forte pression d'exploitation présentent les mêmes tendances, mais montrent des teneurs en matière organique du sol inférieures d'environ 20 % à celles de parcelles protégées. Sur les jachères jeunes (3 années), le temps de culture précédant l'abandon culturel n'a pas d'influence significative sur les paramètres mesurés. Même si elle était réalisable, la jachère naturelle de longue durée ne possède plus les potentialités nécessaires à la restauration de la fertilité du milieu. II faut s'orienter vers des pratiques de jachères améliorées ou de substitution, en introduisant des ligneux et des graminées pérennes à forte biomasse racinaire et à croissance rapide, qui ont un fort impact sur les caractéristiques biologiques et physiques des sols. (Résumé d'auteur

Biomarkers of oxidative stress: methods and measures of oxidative DNA damage (COMET assay) and telomere shortening

Oxidative stress is fast becoming the nutritional and medical buzzword for the twenty-first century. The theoretical importance of oxidative stress in diabetes is highlighted by its potential double impact on metabolic dysfunction on one hand and the vascular system on the other hand. The new concept of oxidative stress, being an important trigger in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications, emphasizes the need for measurement of markers of oxidation to assess the degree of oxidative stress. While we have been routinely measuring biomarkers in our molecular epidemiology projects, here we discuss the utility of two assays, (a) DNA damage assessment by COMET measurement and (b) telomere length measurement. As DNA damage is efficiently repaired by cellular enzymes, its measurement gives a snapshot view of the level of oxidative stress. The protocol allows for measurement of oxidative DNA damage (FPG-sensitive DNA strand breaks). Telomere length measured by Southern blotting technique allows one to estimate the chronic burden of oxidative stress at the molecular level and is now considered as biomarker of biological aging

Use of Oral Cholera Vaccine in Haiti: A Rural Demonstration Project

A cholera epidemic has claimed the lives of more than 8,000 Haitians and sickened 650,000 since the outbreak began in October 2010. Early intervention in the epidemic focused on case-finding, treatment, and water and sanitation interventions for prevention of transmission. Use of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) as part of a complementary set of control activities was considered but initially rejected by policymakers. In December 2011, the Minister of Health of Haiti called for a demonstration of the acceptability and feasibility of the use of OCV in urban and rural Haiti. This paper describes the collaborative activity that offered OCV to one region of the Artibonite Department of rural Haiti in addition to other ongoing treatment and control measures. Despite logistics and cold chain challenges, 45,417 persons were successfully vaccinated with OCV in the region, and 90.8% of these persons completed their second dose