Hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary - Brazil: pre jetty conditions

Estuarine hydrodynamics is a key factor in the definition of the filtering capacity of an estuary and results from the interaction of the processes that control the inlet morphodynamics and those that are acting in the mixing of the water in the estuary. The hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary were assessed by two field campaigns conducted in 1998 that covered both neap and spring tide conditions. The period measured represents the estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport prior to the construction of the jetty in 2003 and provides important background information for the Camboriú estuary. Each field campaign covered two complete tidal cycles with hourly measurements of currents, salinity, suspended sediment concentration and water level. Results show that the Camboriú estuary is partially mixed with the vertical structure varying as a function of the tidal range and tidal phase. The dynamic estuarine structure can be balanced between the stabilizing effects generated by the vertical density gradient, which produces buoyancy and stratification flows, and the turbulent effects generated by the vertical velocity gradient that generates vertical mixing. The main sediment source for the water column are the bottom sediments, periodically resuspended by the tidal currents. The advective salt and suspended sediment transport was different between neap and spring tides, being more complex at spring tide. The river discharge term was important under both tidal conditions. The tidal correlation term was also important, being dominant in the suspended sediment transport during the spring tide. The gravitational circulation and Stokes drift played a secondary role in the estuarine transport processes.As trocas de água e materiais através das desembocaduras de estuários são de difícil quantificação e são de fundamental importância para o entendimento do funcionamento de estuários e da zona costeira. A hidrodinâmica e transporte de sedimentos em suspensão no estuário do rio Camboriú foram estudados através da realização de duas campanhas de campo em 1998 cobrindo as condições de quadratura e sizígia. O período do levantamento foi anterior à obra de construção do molhe em 2003 que alterou a morfologia da desembocadura, fornecendo assim importantes informações base sobre o sistema. Cada experimento cobriu dois ciclos de maré com medições horárias de correntes, salinidade, concentrações de sedimentos em suspensão e nível de água. Os resultados mostram que o estuário é parcialmente misturado com estrutura vertical variando em função da amplitude e fase da maré. A estrutura dinâmica do estuário é balanceada entre os efeitos estabilizadores gerados pelo gradiente vertical de densidade, que permite produzir fluxo de empuxo e estratificação, e os efeitos turbulentos gerados pelo gradiente vertical de velocidade, que gera mistura vertical. A principal fonte de sedimentos para a coluna de água são os sedimentos de fundo, periodicamente resuspendidos pelas correntes de maré. O transporte advectivo de sal e sedimentos em suspensão foi diferente entre condições de quadratura e sizígia, sendo mais complexo durante a sizígia. A circulação gravitacional e a deriva de Stokes apresentam um papel secundário nos processos de transporte estuarinos.CNP

Systemic neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduces breast cancer associated metastasis in arthritic mice by reducing CXCL12/SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches

BACKGROUND: IL-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is normally associated with autoimmune arthritis and other pro-inflammatory conditions. Recently, IL-17A has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing breast cancer (BC)-associated metastases. We generated immune competent arthritic mouse models that develop spontaneous BC-associated bone and lung metastasis. Using these models, we have previously shown that neutralization of IL-17A resulted in significant reduction in metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism/s remains unknown. METHODS: We have utilized two previously published mouse models for this study: 1) the pro-arthritic mouse model (designated SKG) injected with metastatic BC cell line (4T1) in the mammary fat pad, and 2) the PyV MT mice that develop spontaneous mammary gland tumors injected with type II collagen to induce autoimmune arthritis. Mice were treated with anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody and monitored for metastasis and assessed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with BC-associated metastasis. RESULTS: We first corroborate our previous finding that in vivo neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduced metastasis to the bones and lungs in both models. Next, we report that treatment with anti-IL17A antibody significantly reduced the expression of a key chemokine, CXCL12 (also known as stromal derived factor-1 (SDF - 1)) in the bones and lungs of treated mice. CXCL12 is a ligand for CXCR4 (expressed on BC cells) and their interaction is known to be critical for metastasis. Interestingly, levels of CXCR4 in the tumor remained unchanged with treatment. Consequently, protein lysates derived from the bones and lungs of treated mice were significantly less chemotactic for the BC cells than lysates from untreated mice; and addition of exogenous SDF-1 to the lysates from treated mice completely restored BC cell migration. In addition, cytokines such as IL-6 and M-CSF were significantly reduced in the lung and bone lysates following treatment. The data presented suggests that systemic neutralization of IL-17A can block the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling pathway by reducing the expression of SDF-1 in the metastatic niches and significantly reducing metastasis in both mouse models. CONCLUSION: In our model, neutralization of IL-17A regulates SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches either directly or indirectly via reducing levels of IL-6 and M-CSF

Has VZV epidemiology changed in Italy? Results of a seroprevalence study

The aim of the study was to evaluate if and how varicella prevalence has changed in Italy. In particular a seroprevalence study was performed, comparing it to similar surveys conducted in pre-immunization era. During 2013–2014, sera obtained from blood samples taken for diagnostic purposes or routine investigations were collected in collaboration with at least one laboratory/center for each region, following the approval of the Ethics Committee. Data were stratified by sex and age. All samples were processed in a national reference laboratory by an immunoassay with high sensitivity and specificity. Statutory notifications, national hospital discharge database and mortality data related to VZV infection were analyzed as well. A total of 3707 sera were collected and tested. In the studied period both incidence and hospitalization rates decreased and about 5 deaths per year have been registered. The seroprevalence decreased in the first year of life in subjects passively protected by their mother, followed by an increase in the following age classes. The overall antibody prevalence was 84%. The comparison with surveys conducted with the same methodology in 1996–1997 and 2003–2004 showed significant differences in age groups 1–19 y. The study confirms that in Italy VZV infection typically occurs in children. The impact of varicella on Italian population is changing. The comparison between studies performed in different periods shows a significant increase of seropositivity in age class 1–4 years, expression of vaccine interventions already adopted in some regions

Development of a simulation platform of all-electric aircraft on-board systems for energy management studies

This paper deals with the development of a simulation platform for the dynamic analysis of systems characterised by different physical domains. The research has been carried out in the context of the EC-funded Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative (Green Regional Aircraft/All-Electric Aircraft domain). In particular, the objective of the research is focused on the on-board systems of new All-Electric Aircraft, where a crucial design point is related to the electrical energy management. In the “all-electric” concept, where pneumatic and hydraulic power systems are eliminated to improve aviation costs and environmental impact, the dynamics of electrical power absorptions is to be characterised and managed to avoid excessive peaks with respect to generators capabilities. The paper describes the architecture of a Matlab/Simulink simulation platform developed in order to design and validate of the electrical energy management logics, which lead up to 32% reduction of the maximum power request for the case study considered. Thanks to an approach based on a mixing of cosimulation and S-function compiling, the platform integrates models coming from different environments (AMESim, Dymola/Modelica), and developed by various partners/specialists

Prosemantic features for content-based image retrieval

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18449-9_8Revised Selected Papers of 7th International Workshop, AMR 2009, Madrid, Spain, September 24-25, 2009We present here, an image description approach based on prosemantic features. The images are represented by a set of low-level features related to their structure and color distribution. Those descriptions are fed to a battery of image classifiers trained to evaluate the membership of the images with respect to a set of 14 overlapping classes. Prosemantic features are obtained by packing together the scores. To verify the effectiveness of the approach, we designed a target search experiment in which both low-level and prosemantic features are embedded into a content-based image retrieval system exploiting relevance feedback. The experiments show that the use of prosemantic features allows for a more successful and quick retrieval of the query images

A nature-based system for improving Mediterranean buildings’ performance: contribution to energy saving by heat transfer reduction and influence of climatic parameters

Urban environments can be turned greener and more sustainable by letting in vegetation. Applying green facades on buildings’ vertical surfaces is a viable option that brings various advantages. This study focuses on the energy benefit provided by an evergreen green facade in Mediterranean climate conditions. The results came from a long experimental campaign, heat fluxes evaluation, and statistical analyses. The thermal behaviour of the experimental green facade was analysed all year round, highlighting differences between warm and cold periods and the time of the day. The main advantage was assessed in terms of energy saving, defined as heat flux reduction through the wall covered with vegetation compared to an unvegetated wall. The study pointed out that energy saving was achieved throughout the year, but at different times of the day based on the season. A daytime energy saving was obtained in warm periods due to the shading effect and the plants’ evapotranspiration. A night-time benefit was reached in cold periods mainly thanks to the green layer’s thermal and wind barrier action. The results showed daily mean energy saving values equal to 11.47 W m-2 for a warm period and 3.23 W m-2 for a cold period. The statistical analysis highlighted that the energy saving was positively influenced by external air temperature, especially in the daytime. Overall, higher energy saving was provided by the green facade when higher external air temperature values were recorded. This research contributes to filling existing literature gaps on the yearly behaviour of green facades and on the energy benefits these provide. use only

Wintertime thermal performance of green façades in a mediterranean climate

The increasing environmental issues have afforded opportunities for a widespread application of green systems in urban areas. Greening the building with green roofs and vertical green systems can be a design and retrofitting strategy to improve building energy performance in summer and in winter. Research efforts have been mainly concentrated on their energy saving function during warm periods. Green façades have a great application potential thanks to the space available in urban environment. The effect of green façades on building energy performance has been studied mainly for warm periods. In order to evaluate the effect during cold periods, an experiment was conducted in Bari, Italy, for two years. Pandorea jasminoides variegated and Rhyncospermum jasminoides were tested as evergreen climbing plants on walls; a third wall was used as control. The night-time temperature of the covered wall was higher than the uncovered wall temperature by up to 3.5°C, thanks to the presence of plants. The thermal barrier function performed by the vegetation layer was analysed. The influence of outdoor air temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity on the façades thermal effect during night-time was investigated. The experimental test demonstrated that both Pandorea jasminoides variegated and Rhyncospermum jasminoides are suitable for green façades in the Mediterranean climatic area during winter. The use of the green façades allowed increasing the thermal performance of the walls during night-time. They also reduced the surface temperature changes throughout the day

Reduction of Evapotranspiration in Microenvironment Conditions of Table Grape Vineyards Protected by Different Types of Plastic Covers

Saving water is a major challenge to increase environmental sustainability, particularly in semi-arid regions where most table grapes are produced. Water use is driven by atmospheric demand, which combines effects of solar radiation (prominent factor), wind, air temperature and humidity. Covering table grapes with transparent plastics is spread in many regions. Covers lower incoming solar radiation and wind speed, changing air temperature and humidity. This study assessed the effects of two plastic covers on reference evapotranspiration (ET0 ) in comparison to the open field. For two years, two vineyards (cv. Victoria) trained to overhead trellis systems (tendone) were covered with two transparent polyethylene sheets: an agrotextile fabric (C), and a commercial film (S). The sheet spectrophotometric properties were analyzed and the radiometric coefficients calculated. Micrometeorological data were recorded in the covered vineyards and in a nearby uncovered one. ET0 was calculated for June and July using the simplified Penman–Monteith equation. The coefficient of transmissivity to total photosynthetic radiation, a proxy of net radiation, was 73% for cover C and 83% for cover S. On average, ET0 decreased by 35% under cover C and 31% under cover S. Hence, in addition to providing protection from external agents, covers represent a valid tool for saving water in table grape viticulture; nevertheless, their radiometric properties should be considered and optimized to better achieve this goal

Implementing a GIS-Based Digital Atlas of Agricultural Plastics to Reduce Their Environmental Footprint: Part II, an Inductive Approach.

Plastic pollution, largely perceived by the public as a major risk factor that strongly impacts sea life and preservation, has an even higher negative impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Indeed, quantitative data about plastic contamination on agricultural soils are progressively emerging in alarming ways. One of the main contributors to this pollution involves the mismanagement of agricultural plastic waste (APW), i.e., the residues from plastic material used to improve the productivity of agricultural crops, such as greenhouse covers, mulching films, irrigation pipes, etc. Wrong management of agricultural plastics during and after their working lives may pollute the agricultural soil and aquifers by releasing macro-, micro-, and nanoplastics, which could also enter into the human food chain. In this study, we aimed to develop a methodology for the spatial quantification of agricultural plastics to achieve sustainable post-consumer management. Through an inductive approach, based on statistical data from the agricultural census of the administrative areas of the Italian provinces, an agricultural plastic coefficient (APC) was proposed, implemented, and spatialized in a GIS environment, to produce a database of APW for each type of crop. The proposed methodology can be exported to other countries. It represents valuable support that could realize, in integration with other tools, an atlas of agricultural plastics, which may be a starting point to plan strategies and actions targeted to the reduction of the plastic footprint of agriculture

Implementing a GIS-based Digital Atlas of Agricultural Plastics to Reduce Their Environmental Footprint. Part I: A Deductive Approach.

The agricultural sector has benefitted over the last century from several factors that have led to an exponential increase in its productive efficiency. The increasing use of new materials, such as plastics, has been one of the most important factors, as they have allowed for increased production in a simpler and more economical way. Various polymer types are used in different phases of the agricultural production cycle, but when their use is incorrectly managed, it can lead to different environmental impacts. In this study, an applied and simplified methodology to manage agricultural plastics monitoring and planning is proposed. The techniques used are based on quantification through the use of different datasets (orthophotos and satellite images) of the areas covered by plastics used for crop protection. The study area chosen is a part of the Ionian Coast of Southern Italy, which includes the most important municipalities of the Basilicata Region for fruit and vegetable production. The use of geographical techniques and observation methodologies, developed in an open‐source GIS environment, enabled accurate location of about 2000 hectares of agricultural land covered by plastics, as well as identification of the areas most susceptible to the accumulation of plastic waste. The techniques and the model implemented, due to its simplicity of use and reliability, can be applied by different local authorities in order to realize an Atlas of agricultural plastics, which would be applied for continuous monitoring, thereby enabling the upscaling of future social and ecological impact assessments, identification of new policy impacts, market searches, etc