DrosoPhyla: resources for drosophilid phylogeny and systematics

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available on open access from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this recordData availability: The data underlying this article are available on Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.5091961)The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster is a pivotal model for invertebrate development, genetics, physiology, neuroscience, and disease. The whole family Drosophilidae, which contains over 4,400 species, offers a plethora of cases for comparative and evolutionary studies. Despite a long history of phylogenetic inference, many relationships remain unresolved among the genera, subgenera and species groups in the Drosophilidae. To clarify these relationships, we first developed a set of new genomic markers and assembled a multilocus dataset of 17 genes from 704 species of Drosophilidae. We then inferred a species tree with highly supported groups for this family. Additionally, we were able to determine the phylogenetic position of some previously unplaced species. These results establish a new framework for investigating the evolution of traits in fruit flies, as well as valuable resources for systematics.Wellcome Trus

Tempo and Mode in Evolution of Transcriptional Regulation

Perennial questions of evolutionary biology can be applied to gene regulatory systems using the abundance of experimental data addressing gene regulation in a comparative context. What is the tempo (frequency, rate) and mode (way, mechanism) of transcriptional regulatory evolution? Here we synthesize the results of 230 experiments performed on insects and nematodes in which regulatory DNA from one species was used to drive gene expression in another species. General principles of regulatory evolution emerge. Gene regulatory evolution is widespread and accumulates with genetic divergence in both insects and nematodes. Divergence in cis is more common than divergence in trans. Coevolution between cis and trans shows a particular increase over greater evolutionary timespans, especially in sex-specific gene regulation. Despite these generalities, the evolution of gene regulation is gene- and taxon-specific. The congruence of these conclusions with evidence from other types of experiments suggests that general principles are discoverable, and a unified view of the tempo and mode of regulatory evolution may be achievable

Does Nasal Disease Cause Headaches?

It is uncommon for a headache that is due to rhinosinusitis (aka "sinus headache") to occur. In such a situation, an initial sinus infection by a viral or bacterial pathogen leads to formation of a viscous, discoloured discharge from the nose, hyposmia or anosmia, pain or a sense of pressure in the facial region and usually pyrexia. Pain in the face and headache normally abate within a week of the infection resolving. Ongoing pain should prompt a review of the diagnosis. The International Classification of Headache Disorders has published useful criteria which may be used to distinguish different kinds of headache. In sinus headache, pain over the face, facial pressure, blockage of the nose and sinuses are present. Additionally, the following symptoms, which are also present in migraine disorders, may occur: nausea, photosensitivity or noise intolerance, moderate to severe headache, a pulsatile or throbbing sensation and exacerbation due to activity. Despite the popularity of the term "sinus headache" among patients themselves and general practitioners, in the media and in advertising copy, its use is deprecated by ENT specialists, allergists and neurologists, who feel that the term lacks precision and may lead to inappropriate interventions. The term sinus headache is generally applied when a headache is accompanied by pain in the face or facial pressure. It is the facial pain and pressure that brings the association with sinus disease. In this chapter, nasal diseases and headache are reviewed. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021