THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERACTIVE LEARNING MEDIA ON COMPUTER SKILL AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT COURSE AT SMK NEGERI 2 DEPOK SLEMAN YOGYAKARTA

The research was purpose to develop the interactive learning media on computer skill and information management course, testing the media task and to know the feasibility of media when tested to the field. The learning media expected to help students to practice the study by themselves, in the other hand can be afford the process of learning at vocational high school. The research was using Research and Development Method according to the implementation step of development, as follows : 1) Analysis of needs, 2) Develop the design of multimedia learning, 3) Implementation of Media, 4) Testing the product result of media development. The testing was using Black Box method to find out the error of navigation, and then the media is validated by the expert of material and the expert of media before tested to the field. The research of user testing was held at SMK Negeri 2 Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, grade of XI, with 29 students the department of Audio Video Engineering. The data collection method was using Questionnaire, the data were collected then analyze by researcher with Descriptive Analysis technique with convert the average result of evaluation into the feasibility interval score. The result of the research was show that the level of learning media development from the expert of material validator the score was 3.78 in very feasible category, and then from the expert of media validator the score was 3.19 in feasible category and to the user testing of students the score was 3.24 in feasible category. Based on the data, conclude that the interactive media learning on computer skill and information management course which made by the researcher was feasible to used by vocational high school students

Patients Prescribed Anakinra for Acute Gout Have Baseline Increased Burden of Hyperuricemia, Tophi, and Comorbidities, and Ultimate All-Cause Mortality.

Objective:The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist anakinra is an effective, off-label option in acute gout flares, when conventional therapy options are narrowed. We performed a retrospective, randomized, case-controlled study to gain clinical insight on baseline factors for gout patients most likely to receive anakinra, and ultimate mortality of those who received anakinra. Methods:Of 1451 gout patients seen between January 2003 and January 2015 in a Veterans Affairs (VA) rheumatology group practice, under stringent managed care principles, 13 (100% male), who received anakinra at least once for flares, were compared with 1:4 age- and sex-matched gout controls. Each patient's first rheumatology encounter was studied by factor analysis for variables associated with later anakinra. Results:At baseline, patients that received anakinra had higher urate burden (palpable tophi [10/13] vs controls [16/52], P = .003), serum urate ([10.6 mg/dL] vs controls [7.6 mg/dL], P < .0001), and East Asian descent ([7/13] vs [16/52], P = .041). The anakinra group had higher ultimate all-cause mortality ([6/13] vs controls [7/52], relative risk [RR] = 3.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39-8.48, P = .0076). Factor analysis showed baseline visit palpable tophus and statin use to be most strongly associated with later anakinra use. Increased mortality of anakinra users, as per a factorial analysis, was linked more strongly to comorbidities than to anakinra. Conclusions:At baseline rheumatology gout encounter, higher urate, palpable tophi, statin prescription, and East Asian descent were associated with later anakinra use for flares. Mortality was more closely associated to the presence of comorbidities at baseline rheumatology visit than to anakinra prescription

NEUROPROTEKCIJA U PARKINSONOVOJ BOLESTI

Parkinsonova bolest (PB) je kronična progresivna neurodegenerativna bolest koja oštećuje živčane stanice u nigrostrijatalnim dopaminergičkim područjima mozga. Javlja se u približno 1% populacije u dobi iznad 60 godina. Smatra se da je etiologija multifaktorska i da bolest nastaje interakcijom genskih i okolišnih čimbenika, dok se velika uloga pripisuje i djelovanju slobodnih radikala, mitohondrijskoj disfunkciji te mehanizmu oksidativnog stresa. Možda je najvažniji izazov za liječenje u PB mehanizam kojim će se odgoditi ili spriječiti daljnji gubitak dopaminergičkih i nedopaminergičkih neurona. U radu se navode najvažniji rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja, odnosno sistemski pregled prekliničkih podatka o neuroprotektivnim agentima za PB. Cilj dosadašnjih istraživanja jest istražiti neuroprotektivni potencijal nekoliko agenata u studijama u kojima se inducirao eksperimentalni parkinsonizam kod životinja. Različiti rezultati i stavovi ove problematike upućuju na potrebu daljnjih istraživanja s jasno definiranim kriterijima i ciljevima u svrhu dobivanja pouzdanih podataka. Samo takvi podaci mogu biti polazište za uključivanje u kliničku praksu temeljenu na dokazima te mogu uvelike pridonijeti razvitku novih i učinkovitih načina liječenja PB.Parkinson\u27s disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that damages neurons in nigrostriatal dopaminergic brain regions. It occurs in approximately 1% of the population aged over 60 years. It is believed that the etiology is multifactorial and results from interaction of genetic and environmental factors, while a large part is attributed to the action of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress mechanism. Perhaps the most important challenge for the treatment of PD is mechanism how to delay or prevent further loss of dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons. This paper presents the most important results of previous studies or systematic review of preclinical data on neuroprotective agents for PD. The aim of this research is to explore neuroprotective potential of the agents in the studies with induced experimental parkinsonism. Different results and attitudes of these issues point to the need for further research with clearly defined criteria and objectives in order to obtain reliable data. Only such data can be a starting point for inclusion in clinical practice based on evidence and can greatly contribute to the development of new and effective ways of treating PD

Stanična komunikacija kod živčanih stanica

Staničnu komunikaciju kod živčanih stanica omogućuju osnovna svojstva i građa živčanih stanica, neurona. Ona uključuje prijenos električnih signala duž jedne živčane stanice i njihov prijenos između dvije živčane stanice. Membrana živčane stanice sadrži ionske kanale za ione natrija i kalija koji su regulirani naponom i pomoću kojih se stvara električni signal. On se naziva akcijski potencijal i predstavlja odgovor živčane stanice na vanjski podražaj koji može biti iz okoline ili iz unutrašnosti organizma. Akcijski potencijal se može prenositi između dvije živčane stanice kao električni ili kemijski signal putem sinapsi. Električne sinapse prenose električne signale pomoću specifičnih proteinskih struktura, koneksona. Kemijske sinapse prevode električne signale u kemijske tako da u sinaptičku pukotinu izlučuju neurotransmitere koji se vežu na odgovarajući receptor na idućoj živčanoj stanici. Time se potiče otvaranje ili zatvaranje ionskih kanala reguliranih vezanjem neurotransmitera. Ti kanali odgovorni su za nastanak akcijskog potencijala na idućoj živčanoj stanici. Razumjevanje osnovnih principa stanične komunikacije kod živčanih stanica pomaže u shvaćanju načina na koji funkcionira veoma kompleksni živčani sustav

Influence of compost and digestates on plant growth and health: potentials and limits

Composts can influence soil fertility and plant health. These influences can be positive or negative, depending of the quality of the composts. In order to estimate the potential of Swiss composts to influence soil fertility and plant health, one hundred composts representative of the different composting systems and qualities available on the market were analyzed. The organic substance and the nutrient content of the composts varied greatly between the composts; the materials of origin were the major factor influencing these values. The respiration rate and enzyme activities also varied greatly, particularly in the youngest composts. These differences decreased when the composts become more mature. Maturity, the degradation stage of the organic matter, depended not only on the age of the compost, but also on the management of the process. The Nmineralization potential of compost added to soil showed that a high proportion of young composts immobilized the nitrogen in the soil. Two compost parameters allow to predict the risk of nitrogen immobilization in soil: the NO3- and the humic acids contents. The phytotoxicity of the composts varied very much even in mature composts, showing that the storage of the compost plays a decisive role. While the majority of composts protected cucumber plants against Pythium ultimum, only a few composts suppressed Rhizoctonia solani in basil. With respect to disease suppression, the management of the maturation process seems to play a major role. In field experiments, some biologically immature composts immobilized nitrogen in soil and reduced growth of maize. With additional fertilization, however, it was possible to compensate this effect. Digestates and composts increased the pH-value and the biological activity of soil. These effects were observable also one maize season after compost application. In conclusion, big differences were observed in the quality of composts and digestates, and in their impact on soil fertility and plant health. The management of the composting process seems to influence the quality of the composts to a higher extent than the materials of origin or the composting system. More attention should be paid to biological quality of composts, in order to produce composts with more beneficial effects on crops

Consequences of Mechanical and Radiative Feedback from Black Holes in Disc Galaxy Mergers

We study the effect of AGN mechanical and radiation feedback on the formation of bulge dominated galaxies via mergers of disc galaxies. The merging galaxies have mass-ratios of 1:1 to 6:1 and include pre-existing hot gaseous halos to properly account for the global impact of AGN feedback. Using smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulation code (GADGET-3) we compare three models with different AGN feedback models: (1) no black hole and no AGN feedback; (2) thermal AGN feedback; and (3) mechanical and radiative AGN feedback. The last model is motivated by observations of broad line quasars which show winds with initial velocities of $v_w \ge$ 10,000 km/s and also heating associated with the central AGN X-ray radiation. The primary changes in gas properties due to mechanical AGN feedback are lower thermal X-ray luminosity from the final galaxy - in better agreement with observations - and galactic outflows with higher velocity $\sim 1000$ km/s similar to recent direct observations of nearby merger remnants. The kinetic energy of the outflowing gas is a factor of $\sim$ 20 higher than in the thermal feedback case. All merger remnants with momentum-based AGN feedback with $v_w \sim 10,000$ km/s and $\epsilon_w=2 \times 10^{-3}$, independent of their progenitor mass-ratios, reproduce the observed relations between stellar velocity dispersion and black hole mass ($M_{\rm bh} - \sigma$) as well as X-ray luminosity ($L_X - \sigma$) with $10^{37.5}$ erg/s $\lesssim L_X (0.3-8~{\rm keV}) \lesssim 10^{39.2}$ erg/s for velocity dispersions in the range of 120 km/s $\lesssim \sigma \lesssim$ 190 km/s. In addition, the mechanical feedback produces a much greater AGN variability. We also show that gas is more rapidly and impulsively stripped from the galactic centres driving a moderate increase in galaxy size and decrease in central density with the mechanical AGN feedback model.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, resubmitted to MNRA

Momentum Driving: which physical processes dominate AGN feedback?

The deposition of mechanical feedback from a supermassive black hole (SMBH) in an active galactic nucleus (AGN) into the surrounding galaxy occurs via broad-line winds which must carry mass and radial momentum as well as energy. The effect can be summarized by the dimensionless parameter $\eta=dot{M_outflow}/dot{M_accretion}= (2 \epsilon_w c^2)/v_w^2$ where (\epslion_w \equiv dot{E}_w/(dot{M_accretion} c^2)) is the efficiency by which accreted matter is turned into wind energy in the disc surrounding the central SMBH. The outflowing mass and omentum are proportional to $\eta$, and many prior treatments have essentially assumed that $\eta=0$. We perform one- and two-dimensional simulations and find that the growth of the central SMBH is very sensitive to the inclusion of the mass and momentum driving but is insensitive to the assumed mechanical efficiency. For example in representative calculations, the omission of momentum and mass feedback leads to an hundred fold increase in the mass of the SMBH to over 10^{10} \Msun. When allowance is made for momentum driving, the final SMBH mass is much lower and the wind efficiencies which lead to the most observationally acceptable results are relatively low with $\epsilon_w \lesssim 10^{-4}$.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, resubmitted to ApJ, added reference

The Role of Black Hole Feedback on Size and Structural Evolution in Massive Galaxies

We use cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to investigate the role of feedback from accreting black holes on the evolution of sizes, compactness, stellar core density and specific star-formation of massive galaxies with stellar masses of $M_{star} > 10^{10.9} M_{\odot}$. We perform two sets of cosmological zoom-in simulations of 30 halos to z=0: (1) without black holes and Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback and (2) with AGN feedback arising from winds and X-ray radiation. We find that AGN feedback can alter the stellar density distribution, reduce the core density within the central 1 kpc by 0.3 dex from z=1, and enhance the size growth of massive galaxies. We also find that galaxies simulated with AGN feedback evolve along similar tracks to those characterized by observations in specific star formation versus compactness. We confirm that AGN feedback plays an important role in transforming galaxies from blue compact galaxies into red extended galaxies in two ways: (1) it effectively quenches the star formation, transforming blue compact galaxies into compact quiescent galaxies and (2) it also removes and prevents new accretion of cold gas, shutting down in-situ star formation and causing subsequent mergers to be gas-poor or mixed. Gas poor minor mergers then build up an extended stellar envelope. AGN feedback also puffs up the central region through the fast AGN driven winds as well as the slow expulsion of gas while the black hole is quiescent. Without AGN feedback, large amounts of gas accumulate in the central region, triggering star formation and leading to overly massive blue galaxies with dense stellar cores.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap