Structure of a Bathtub Vortex : Importance of the Bottom Boundary Layer

A bathtub vortex in a cylindrical tank rotating at a constant angular velocity [omega] is studied by meansof a laboratory experiment, a numerical experiment and a boundary layer theory. The laboratory and numerical experiments show that two regimes of vortices in the steady-state can occur depending on [omega] and the volume flux Q through the drain hole: when Q is large and [omega] is small, a potential vortex is formed in which angular momentum outside the vortex core is constant in the non-rotating frame. However, when Q is small or [omega] is large, a vortex is generated in which the angular momentum decreases with decreasing radius. Boundary layertheory shows that the vortex regimes strongly depend on the theoretical radial volume flux through the bottomboundary layer under a potential vortex : when the ratio of Q to the theoretical boundary-layer radial volume flux Qb (scaled by 2π R2([omega] ν)12 ) at the outer rim of the vortex core is larger than a critical value (of order 1), the radial flow in the interior exists at all radiiand Regime I is realized, where R is the inner radius of the tank and ν the kinematicviscosity.When the ratio is less than the critical value, the radial flow in the interior nearlyvanishes inside a critical radius and almost all of the radial volume flux occurs only in the boundary layer,resulting in Regime II in which the angular momentum is not constant with radius. This criterion is found to explain the results of the laboratory and numerical experiments very well

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Physical Activity among Adults: A Basis for a Health Promotion Program

Physical activity is one of the current needs globally and locally due to the need of every adult's physical inactivity. Physical activity plays a significant role in health promotion as well as the prevention of non-communicable diseases among adults. Thus, inadequate physical activity is one of the risk factors that lead to death worldwide. The goal of this health promotion program is to reach the highest level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Physical Activity among adults in Mabulo, San Fernando Romblon. The method of the study constructed two phases of research design. The first phase was descriptive design (quantitative), also known as the needs assessment. The second phase was a case research study (qualitative). The researcher selected in the first phase 55 participants to respond to the need assessment survey. In the second phase, 6 participants were selected. The result shows that after the program, there was a 45% (from 45% to 90%) improvement in the knowledge of the participants on physical activity based on the pre-test and post-test given. Moreover, there was a 1.22 difference in the attitude of the participants from pre-test to post-test. The pre-test showed a positive response with a mean of 2.78, and the post-test reflected a very positive attitude with a mean of 4.00 after the program. Lastly, with the participant’s practices, there is a low response in the pre-test with a mean of 1.36; however, in the post-test, there is a high response with a mean of 2.6. There was a 1.24 increase in the practice of the participants from pre-test to post-test. The study concludes that physical activity has been proven to have significant benefits for hearts and contributes to preventing non-communicable diseases. Thus, further improves overall well-being in adults. Hence, promoting physical activity can help develop awareness among adults and become more conscious of their health and lifestyle. Further study is recommended using a behavioral change that focuses on barriers and benefits of physical activity.Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practices, Physical Activit

Macronutrients in human milk and infant formula

Human milk has been considered the ultimate food for infants to optimize their growth and development, but it has lately also shown to impact longterm health. Infant formula is the complementary food to neonates who are not breastfed, and its nutrients should mimic human milk as close as possible. Since infant formula mainly is based on cow’s milk, there are several important differences e.g. protein content, and bioactive compounds, that need to be modulated in infant formula. The protein levels in human milk are significantly lower than in cow’s milk. Bioactive compounds found in human milk that are not present in cow’s milk have shown to improve metabolic pathways in the neonate through several mechanism e.g. protection against infections, improving nutrient absorption and benefiting neurological function. Galactooligossacharides (GOS) and fructooligossacharides (FOS) are supplemented to infant formula to compensate human milks high levels of oligosaccharides. Milk fat global membrane (MFGM) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are other constituents that are usually added in infant formulas to benefit infant health. The different outcome of health effects between formula fed and breastfed infants highlight the importance of prevention strategies. The nutrient composition of human milk is complex, however our knowledge expands rapidly and thereby increases the nutritional requirements of infant formula. Long-term studies will have to confirm the beneficial effect of receiving certain nutrients early in life. Future studies on how infant formula should be supplemented to promote health in neonates are also necessary.Modersmjölk har ansetts vara den ultimata födan för spädbarn som optimerar deras tillväxt och utveckling, men har nyligen också visat sig påverka den långsiktiga hälsan. Modersmjölksersättning är det komplementära livsmedlet för nyfödda som inte ammas, och dess näringsämnen ska imitera modersmjölken så likt som möjligt. Eftersom modersmjölksersättning främst är baserad på komjölk, finns det flera viktiga skillnader t.ex. protein innehåll och bioaktiva föreningar, som behöver moduleras i modersmjölksersättning. Proteinhalten i modersmjölk är signifikant lägre än i komjölk. Bioaktiva ämnen i modersmjölk som inte finns i komjölk har visat sig förbättra nedbrytningsmekanismer i nyfödda genom åtskilliga mekanismer t.ex. skydd mot infektioner, förbättrad näringsabsorption och främja neurologiska funktionen. Galaktooligosackarider (GOS) och fructooligosackarider (FOS) är berikade till modersmjölksersättning för att kompensera modersmjölkens höga halt av oligosackarider. Mjölkfettkulmembran (MFGM) och dokosahexaensyra (DHA) är andra komponenter som vanligen adderas i modersmjölksersättning som befrämjar spädbarnshälsa. Olika erhållna hälsoeffekter mellan flaskmatade och ammande spädbarn markerar betydelsen av preventionsstrategier. Näringssammansättningen av modersmjölk är komplex, likväl vår kunskap som expanderar snabbt och som därmed leder till att de näringsmässiga kraven i modersmjölksersättning ökar. Långtidsstudier bör vidare bekräfta den främjande effekten av särskilt erhållna näringsämnen tidigt i livet. Framtida studier om hur modersmjölksersättning skall vara berikad för att gynna hälsan hos nyfödda är också nödvändigt

Administrative efficiency of IPS providers of health entities accredited in quality in Colombia

This study evaluated the efficiencies of the IPS health providers accredited in quality in Colombia. The normative framework associated with the Mandatory Quality System, the quality accreditation standards for the IPS and the Data Envelopment analysis models, related to the purely technical or administrative efficiency were used as theoretical support. As an epistemological conception, we worked with the logical positivism paradigm, with which the scientific verification and the logical analysis for the development of all the research were sought. The research type had an evaluative approach. As a population, 27 accredited IPS health service providers were taken, which lent their financial statements to the superintendence of health in 2015 and 2016. The inductive and deductive method was used. The information generated by the health superintendence and the Ministry of Health were used as primary sources. The DEA BCC-O model focused on the optimization of outputs was used as an analysis technique. As a result of this research, a method to evaluate the efficiencies of high-quality accredited IPSs in Colombia was provided. Likewise, it could be demonstrated with empirical evidence that the implementation of high-quality standards in the IPSs studied has a significant impact on administrative efficiency. The research showed that the best IPS accredited in Colombia was the Pablo VI Hospital in Bosa. © 2019 International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)

Prueba de habilidades prácticas CCNA. Diplomado de profundización CISCO (Diseño e implementación de soluciones integradas LAN / WAN).

Prueba de habilidades prácticas CCNA. Diplomado de profundización CISCO (Diseño e implementación de soluciones integradas LAN / WAN).El presente trabajo evaluativo denonamidado “Prueba de habilidades prácticas”, corresponde al Diplomado de Profundización desarrollado en la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD, que busca identificar el grado de desarrollo de competencias y habilidades que fueron adquiridas durante el proceso formativo. Para ello, se desarrollan dos escenarios propuestos que serán solucionados según el registro de configuración de los dispositivos, en la descripción se detalla el paso a paso de cada una de las etapas realizadas durante su desarrollo, el registro de los procesos de verificación de conectividad mediante el uso de comandos ping, traceroute, show ip route, entre otros.The present evaluative work denonamidado "Test of practical skills", corresponds to the Diploma of Deepening developed in the Universidad Nacional y a Distacia - UNAD, which seeks to identify the degree of development of skills and abilities that were acquired during the training process. To do this, two proposed scenarios are developed that will be solved according to the configuration registry of the devices, in the description the step-by-step detail of each of the stages carried out during its development is detailed, as well as the registration of connectivity verification processes through the use of commands ping, traceroute, show ip route, among others

Vivienda económica construida con bahareque en Bosa

La tierra es una técnica de uso milenario. En Colombia, su uso puede ser llevado a la época prehispánica, y puede ser apreciada en diferentes técnicas (Bahareque, adobe, Tapia). La tierra ha sido desplazada por métodos industrializados que responden a las tendencias de modernización y globalización actual. Sin embargo, es importante resaltar que a nivel nacional e internacional se han realizado esfuerzos por evitar la desaparición de estas técnicas y se han generado piezas arquitectónicas únicas que demuestran no solo su resistencia, inercia térmica y acústica sino también su bellezaEarth use is an ancient technique. In Colombia, its use can be taken to pre-Hispanic times, and can be seen in differentArquitecto (a)Pregrad

Senfølger etter covid-19 og nyoppstått sykdom etter covid-19: hurtigoversikt

Background Most people will experience COVID-19 as a mild and transient disease, although some may experience a prolonged period with symptoms. Long-term and nonspecific symptoms have previously been reported following other viral infections, and after bacterial and parasitic infections. It is also known that people who are admitted to the intensive care unit due to severe lung failure caused by other diseases than COVID-19, can report long-term functional impairments such as impaired cognitive function, mental health problems and reduced lung function after discharge. Objectives We aimed to summarise research on the proportion of patients who get long-term symptoms, which long-term symptoms occur after COVID-19, how long the symptoms persist and which patient groups that have the greatest risk of experiencing long-term symptoms. In addition, we summarise differences in the risk of long-term postinfectious symptoms and new onset diseases between COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Methods This rapid review “Post COVID-19 condition and new onset diseases after COVID-19” is the 4th version replacing our previous report published on February 15th, 2022. In this version we used more stringent inclusion criteria than in previous versions, and we included controlled studies with more than 500 mainly laboratory test positive COVID-19 cases with a follow-up time of six months or longer. We excluded studies mainly reporting on laboratory or radiological finding, uncontrolled studies, and controlled studies that had not been peer-reviewed. The findings are based on systematic searches in MEDLINE and WHO Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) database on September 19th, 2022, and a network database search in OpenAlex. One researcher screened the search results. Two researchers selected studies for inclusion and summarised study findings. We present the results narratively given considerable heterogeneity, supplemented by tables and graphics. We plotted effect estimates reported in the included studies without any pooled synthesis. Results Characteristics of included studies The included 14 studies were conducted in the USA n=5, China n=3, Denmark n=3, UK/England n=2, and South Korea n=1. We included ten retrospective cohort studies and four prospective cohort studies. Seven studies used non-COVID-19 controls, while seven studies used patients with other respiratory tract infections, mainly influenza. The median length of follow-up was around 12 months with some studies following participants for up to two years. Follow-up time was measured from hospital discharge, initial symptoms or from positive test for SARS-CoV-2. Number of COVID-19 participants ranged from 1127 to 1 284 437. The participants in most studies were middle-aged, seven studies included populations below 18 and two studies only enrolled children. The sex distribution was mainly balanced, deviating at most by 11%. Patients were mainly sampled during 2020, three studies continued sampling into 2021, and one study into 2022. Follow ups were performed either at clinics, through online/phone/postal surveys, or by assessing register data. Seven studies included a mix of hospitalised and non-hospitalised COVID-19 patients, seven included only hospitalised patients. Symptoms compared to non-COVID-19 controls Two studies looked at self-reported long-term symptoms in COVID-19 cohorts compared to non-COVID 19 cohorts. A Danish cohort study found that eighteen symptoms were more common in positive COVID-19 cohorts (mainly non-hospitalised) than among negative controls after 6 to 12 months, including dysosmia, dysgeusia, fatigue, and dyspnoea. The risk differences tended to decrease over time. A Chinese longitudinal cohort study found hospitalised COVID-19 participants had larger risk of experiencing long-term symptoms at 2-years follow-up relative to their spouses (non-COVID-19 controls). COVID-19 participants reported poorer health-related quality of life but also larger improvements over time in numerous symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and dyspnoea. New onset diseases after COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 controls Two British retrospective cohort studies and one Chinese prospective cohort study compared long-term symptoms and new onset diseases in hospitalised COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 controls at 12 months or ≤ 315 days. These studies found that COVID-19 survivors had higher risk of neurological and cognitive impairments, including depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorders. Moreover, one study reported that COVID-19 survivors were more than twice as likely to be re-hospitalised or die during the first year after discharge as compared to the general population. New onset diseases after COVID-19 compared to other respiratory tract infections Eight retrospective cohort studies compared long-term symptoms or new onset diseases after COVID-19 with other RTIs. All studies used registered diagnostic codes to extract information on follow-up. A single study used only diagnostic codes registered for re-admission to hospital. Two of the 55 reported diseases were more than twice as likely than the comparator, and only five diseases were less than half as likely among patients with COVID-19 patients compared with other RTIs. Neurological conditions were more common after COVID-19 patients than after other RTIs. Information on mental health consequences was more heterogeneous and without obvious trends in terms of difference between groups. Respiratory illnesses appeared to be slightly less common in COVID-19 patients. Reported cardiovascular diagnostic codes did not show a clear pattern of difference, only two of ten cardiovascular conditions differed: heart failure, and intracerebral and subarachnoid bleeding. Musculoskeletal conditions were less common in two studies for COVID-19 patients. Among the infrequently reported diseases there was more variability. It does not appear like length of follow-up up until 2 years changes the outcomes between COVID-19 and other RTIs. Children Overall, adolescent and children appear less affected than older age groups based on studies of participants from during the first pandemic year. Compared with non-COVID-19 controls, children who had COVID-19 had more prevalent long-lasting symptoms, but most symptoms appeared to gradually resolve over time. After 6‐12 months changes to smell and taste, and reduced appetite were more common among covid positive children compared to controls. Data on mental health and functioning were less clear, with a weak tendency towards better health-related quality-of-life scores among children and adolescents in the COVID-19 group. Predicting factors for long-term symptoms Factors predicting the risk of new onset disease and long-term symptoms following COVID-19 and other RTI are similar. Important factors are prior comorbidities, female sex, and severity of disease. Middle aged people appear weakly correlated with higher risk of long-term symptoms and new onset diseases whereas the youngest age groups including children appear least affected. Discussion Current evidence suggests that patients who have been hospitalised or undergone non-invasive ventilation due to severe COVID-19 experience similar long-term consequences as patients who have been exposed to similar treatment due to other RTIs. These findings support the current rehabilitation practise of providing similar care to patients post-COVID as after other severe RTIs. Controlled studies also found that most symptoms reported by COVID-19-patients were also reported in the uninfected general population, albeit to a lesser extent. The symptoms that are most specific for COVID-19 seems to be altered smell and taste and neurological diagnoses, although with equally common reporting of dyspnoea and fatigue. Most reported symptoms and new onset diseases are also seen in the follow-up period of other RTIs. Symptom burden appears to decrease over time, but we do not know if or when these symptoms might disappear. The data also reflect that many of the reported symptoms are prevalent in non-infected populations. Although the evidence base is growing and steadily becomes more trustworthy, some aspects remain uncertain. Our findings continue to reflect long term symptoms in patients who were infected early in the pandemic. New virus variants causing milder disease will likely reduce the overall risk and burden of long-term symptoms. Therapeutic advancements and vaccination impact outcomes and probably lead to milder courses of disease, contributing to a further reduction in the prevalence and burden of long-term symptoms. Studies on consequences of breakthrough infections, and comparative studies on vaccinated versus non vaccinated populations are already pointing in the directions of fewer long-term symptoms. Persons with asymptomatic COVID-19, or those not tested are not well researched. Conclusion Severe COVID-19, requiring hospitalisation or intensive care treatment, correlates with more symptoms after six to twelve months. Individuals with COVID-19 appear to experience and get diagnosed with similar conditions as those seen in patients with other severe respiratory tract infections at follow-up, although with some variation and with neurological symptoms standing out as more common after COVID-19. Women have a higher risk for experiencing long-term symptoms than men. Patients who have had mild and moderate COVID-19 (non-hospitalised) report some symptoms beyond six months after infection more often than uninfected persons. The extent of long-term impact of COVID-19 on the quality of life in the general population remains unclear, as most studies included patients with severe COVID-19.publishedVersio