Living Labs as Tools for Open Innovation

This paper presents a Living Lab in Stockholm as a focal point for discussing how the Living Lab concept can be extended and used for engaging in multiorganizational open innovation. Although Living Labs have been found to have potential for driving innovation through collaboration, more research is necessary to find tangible ways of organizing this kind of collaboration. The paper is explorative and empirically induced from an ongoing development and practical implementation of a Living Lab at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport - Sweden's largest airport situated outside Stockholm. This Airport Living Lab involves a number of large industrial and academic stakeholders aiming at ensuring multi-organizational innovation delivery. Of special interest is how the Living Lab concept should evolve to continue creating conditions for user-oriented innovations through multi-organizational collaboration which would not necessarily take place otherwise. Congruent with the explorative aim of the paper it ends up in a discussion about five propositions that should be on the agenda of research and implementation for Living Lab founders in the coming years.Living Labs, Open innovation, Electronic Collaboration Tools

Kunskap om Vilt och Skog 2

• Referenshägn innebär att man jämför vegetationsutvecklingen i en hägnad yta med en oskyddad yta. • Referenshägn byggs med fördel i ungskogsytor där effekterna av betning är särskilt tydliga. • Hjortviltet kan genom bete påverka olika trädslags konkurrensförmåga genom att höjdtillväxten minskar. • Det är framför allt tall och flera arter av lövträd som påverkas negativt av bete medan gran ofta gynnas, vilket på sikt kan få negativa konsekvenser för den biologiska mångfalden. • Genom att använda flera referenshägn kan man mäta vilken påverkan hjortviltet har på vegetation och trädslagssammansättning inom ett viltförvaltningsområde

Habitatmodeller och flermålsanalys

• Inom forskningsprogrammet Heureka utvecklas habitatmodeller för flera djur- och växtarter. • Habitatmodeller kan användas för att identifiera framtida flaskhalsar i mängd och fördelning av viktiga livsmiljöer för olika arter. • Det behövs verktyg för att ta hänsyn till både virkesproduktion och en viss mängd habitat i landskapet i planeringen. Ett sådant verktyg är flermålsanalys. • Flermålsanalys kan användas för att utvärdera olika planalternativ med hänsyn till olika arters habitatkrav. Den grundliga genomgången av situationen i en flermålsanalys ökar kunskapen om problemet vilket i sin tur kan leda till bättre slutlösningar

Kunskap om Vilt och Skog 4

• Klövviltet är en förnybar resurs som har såväl ekologiska, ekonomiska som sociala värden. • Samtidigt orsakar klövviltets bete på träd nedsatt virkeskvalitet, minskad tillväxt och därmed minskat ekonomiskt utbyte för skogsnäringen. • En ökad fodermängd i landskapet kan minska betestrycket på ekonomiskt viktiga trädslag. • Genom att anlägga viltåkrar kan fodertillgången i landskapet ökas och viss del av betningen styras mot dessa. • Studien visar att 1 700–13 000 kg foder (torrvikt) per hektar potentiellt kan skapas beroende på gröda, men att en stor del konsumeras av klövviltet redan på sommaren. • I brynen kring viltåkrarna var betestrycket på lövträd 20–50 % högre än på marker längre från åkrarna, vilket tyder på en ökad skaderisk för träd i direkt anslutning till åkrarna

Food plots as a habitat management tool: forage production and ungulate browsing in adjacent forest

A key challenge for wildlife management is to handle competing goals. High ungulate densities may be desirable from hunting and recreational perspectives, but may come in conflict with needs to limit or reduce browsing damage. Since browsing intensity is negatively related to forage availability it may be possible to mitigate damage on forest by increasing forage availability within the landscape. A commonly used method to increase the attractiveness of a localized part of the landscape is to establish food plots. In a multiyear setup using enclosures, wildlife observations, field surveys, and controlled biomass removal, we studied food plots to document forage production, utilization by ungulates, and browsing on adjacent forests in southern Sweden. The fenced parts of the food plots produced on average 2230 to 5810 kg ha. 1 marrow-stem kale, second-year clover mix or early-sown rapeseed. The biomass of target crops was generally higher within ungrazed (exclosures) compared to grazed (controls) quadrats on the food plots, which demonstrates that the crops were used as forage by ungulates. Browsing on deciduous trees in the adjacent forest was higher within 70-135 m from the food plots compared to areas further away. For wildlife management, our study shows that establishment of food plots provides substantial amounts of forage both during growing season and at the onset of the dormant season, and that a large share of this food is consumed. Finally, our study documents that forage availability for ungulates at the onset of the often-limiting dormant season can be increased by fencing food plots throughout the growing season

Anchoring Tablets in Organizational Practices - a Practice Based Approach to the Digitalization of Board Work

Drawing on new technologies, decision makers attempt to design and make real visions for the future of organizations and society. Aiming for successful enactment, instead they are often faced with resistance or unintended changes to existing practices and values. This paper addresses this challenge from a practice theory perspective. Taking our departure in the reflexive dualities of practices and constitutive rules, we present and put into action an analytical model to shed light on how IS-enabled organizational change is enabled and sustained via dynamic interplay, inherent relations and performative enactment. The empirical material consists of interviews and observations in a Swedish municipality. The contribution includes an account as to how the enactment and definition of fundamental social relations affect the introduction of digital board packs via tablets to either serve as a catalyst to establish and reproduce new setups and practices in the board room or simply fail

Adopting Proactive Knowledge Use as an Innovation: The Case of a Knowledge Management System in Rheumatology

The aim of the study is to present a tentative framework to explore and investigate the drivers and barriers of adoption of the innovation of proactive knowledge use in connection to a knowledge management system (KMS) in health care. Semi-structured interviews were performed with champion implementers and physicians using the KMS along with a document analysis depicting significant events of the implementation process. The findings from the study suggested that drivers of the innovation were the characteristics of change agents, quality improvement, budget control and knowledge brought to the physician-patient dialogue by the KMS. In particular, there were indications of the KMS facilitating the process of making tacit knowledge explicit in the physician-patient dialogue. Identified barriers towards the innovation were resistance from clinical management, lack of motivation to share knowledge, lack of time and perceived flaws in the interface and compilation of data in the KMS

Through the Printing Press: An Account of Open Practices in the Swedish Newspaper Industry

Organizational practices that foster a dialogic relationship between organizations and their constituent customers have created an arena for inbound and outbound innovation. At the nexus of this development occurring in the media industries, these flows are carried by various forms of digital, social media and an increasing digital presence in the form of dynamic websites with varying degrees of interactive capabilities. In this paper, we posit that the newspaper industry is torn between indifference and cautious apprehension caused by the difficulty in marrying the journalism profession’s carefully guarded gatekeeping practices with the revolving doors of open innovation. Gatekeeping has emerged as a fiercely defended cornerstone for the industry and the profession of journalism itself is not enough to distinguish amateurs from professionals; for the segregation between professionals and amateurs to carry weight rather than being reduced to a hollow title, the segregation needs a practice that explicitly enforces gatekeeping—where actions speak louder than titles. Against this backdrop, we pursue the following research question: Why has IT-enabled open innovation become such a contentious issue in the context of the newspaper industry? Combining contextual in-situ ethnographic interviews and observation with an industry-wide content analysis of Swedish newspaper websites, we present an in-depth view of what IT-enabled open innovation means in the context of the newspaper industry. Results show that the process of legitimization inscribed by a particularly charged information technology—the printing press—continues to exert great influence in what constitutes open practice in the newspaper industry

Innovations in Health Care: Design Theory and Realist Evaluation Combined

Innovations in health care are often characterized by complexity and fuzzy boundaries, involving both the elements of the innovation and the organizational structure required for a full implementation. Evaluation in health care is traditionally based on the collection and dissemination of evidence-based knowledge stating the randomized controlled trial, and the quasi-experimental study design as the most rigorous and ideal approaches. These evaluation approaches capture neither the complexity of innovations in health care, nor the characteristics of the organizational structure of the innovation. As a result, the reasons for innovations in health care not being disseminated are not fully explained. The aim of the paper is to present a design-evaluation framework for complex innovations in health care in order to understand what works for whom under what circumstances combining design theory and realist evaluation. The framework is based on research findings of a case study of a complex innovation, a health care quality register, in order to understand underlying assumptions behind the design of the innovation, as well as the characteristics of the implementation process. The design-evaluation cycle is hypothesized to improve the design and implementation of complex innovation by using program/kernel theories to develop design principles, which are evaluated by realistic evaluation, resulting in further refinement of program/kernel theories. The goal of the design-evaluation cycle is to provide support to implementers and practitioners designing and implementing complex innovations in health care, for improving dissemination of complex innovations

Evolutionary conservation and characterization of the metazoan amino acid response

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2018Signaling pathways that respond to stress and sense nutrient availability are highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. In mammalian cells, these pathways have evolved to regulate immune responses, representing important therapeutic targets. Interestingly, components of these pathways can be found in plants, yeast and nematodes, where they also participate in response to abiotic and biotic stress. The Amino Acid Response (AAR) pathway, an ancient response to the cellular accumulation of uncharged tRNA, is part of the larger Integrated Stress Response (ISR) in mammals. The ISR consists of multiple branches, each one triggered by distinct stresses that produce phospho-eIF2α signal generation. Each ISR initiating stress results in a unique cellular response due to activation of both the ISR and additional parallel pathway(s) by the initiating stress, but, to date, no such alternate pathway has been identified for the AAR pathway. Despite its integral role in stress adaptation, the ISR has not been studied in early diverging animals. I have identified a highly conserved phosphorylation site in the protein eIF2α, the signature ISR effector, which allowed me to use a mammalian antibody to identify and characterize the ISR in the basal metazoan, Nematostella vectensis, revealing that the core components of the mammalian ISR were present over 550 million years ago in the common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians. Additionally, our lab has discovered a novel branch of the AAR pathway that regulates key tissue protective signals. Using evolutionary conservation of this pathway in model organisms, I have identified GCN1 as the branch point that links the signal generation components of the AAR pathway to downstream therapeutic effects. I then used transcriptomic and protein interaction analyses to begin to understand the scope of this pathway and identify key pathway regulators.Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, Allied Bristol Life Sciences (to Malcolm Whitman), the WHOI Academic Programs Office, and the WHOI Ocean Venture Fund