In the Backstage of the 2014 Ebola Crisis News Coverage: A Focus on the Lived Experience of Involved African Journalists

This thesis examines the lived experiences of African journalists involved in the recent Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. It contends that African journalists did not cover the crisis efficiently because of several barriers. The EVD epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 and has affected West African countries such as Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, causing an estimated 11,279 deaths since March 2015. The outbreak, however, was not just a health crisis. It was a crisis of information that highlighted the ineffectiveness of top down messaging to reach communities directly affected by the outbreak. The academic literature related to the journalistic coverage of epidemics largely focuses on the overall representation of outbreaks, media coverage of failures and successes, and journalists’ perceptions of their roles (Logan, 2004; Vasterman & Ruigrok, 2013; Oh, et al., 2012; Shih, et al., 2008; Lowicki-Zucca, et al., 2005; Odlum & Summoo, 2015; Rübsamen, et al., 2015; Carter, 2014). It pays little attention to the lived experiences and narratives of journalists despite their key role in disseminating accurate information to the public; mediating between the public, decision makers and health experts; acting as a watchdog for institutions involved in public health response; and creating boundaries of public discourse about health (Lubens, 2015, p. 59; Briggs & Hallin, 2010, p. 157). Using in-depth semi-structured interviews (as per Kvale, 1996) with 20 African journalists, this thesis examined key professional, technological and social elements that impacted journalism on EVD. The interviews were analyzed thematically using a modified grounded theory approach to facilitate the assessment of similarities and/or differences between interviews and literature themes. The African journalists who covered the 2014 Ebola outbreak faced many technological, economic, social, cultural, financial and emotional challenges, which impacted the quality of their coverage. These results show the need for more training and capacity building programs to foster health reporting and add to a limited body of literature on the lived experiences of journalists covering epidemics

Analyse de frontière stochastique pour l'optimisation des plans en curiethérapie haut débit de dose

La curiethérapie est une modalité particulière de traitement en radiothérapie qui se différencie de la radiothérapie externe par l’implantation des sources radioactives scellées à l’intérieur ou au voisinage immédiat du volume tumoral, de façon permanente ou temporaire. Cette modalité de traitement a bénéficié des avancées technologiques telles que l’utilisation des projecteurs de sources et le développement de nouveaux algorithmes d’optimisation de dose qui ont contribué à l’amélioration de la qualité des plans de traitement. Cependant, le processus de planification de traitement en curiethérapie, indépendamment de l’algorithme d’optimisation implanté dans le système de planification de traitement (TPS), requiert toujours une forte interaction entre le planificateur et le TPS. Cette forte interaction, non seulement, augmente la durée de la planification, mais conduit aussi souvent à des plans finaux dont la qualité est tributaire du jugement et de l’expérience du planificateur. Le présent projet a consisté à développer des modèles pour l’optimisation de la qualité des plans en curiethérapie de la prostate haut débit de dose, optimisation basée sur les paramètres géométriques spécifiques à chaque patient, grâce au formalisme de l’analyse de frontière stochastique, une méthode empruntée de l’économie. Les paramètres géométriques qui ont permis de caractériser chaque plan sont : le volume des différentes structures [volume cible anatomoclinique, organes à risque (OAR)], leurs proximités mutuelles par le biais de la distance de Hausdorff, et la divergence des cathéters dans la prostate. Les modèles ainsi développés constituent un outil d’aide à la planification en prédisant à l’avance (au début du processus de planification) le meilleur compromis qu’il est possible d’atteindre entre la couverture du volume tumorale et la limitation de la dose aux OARs alentour. Les modèles ont été développés pour les indices dosimétriques d’intérêt analysés en clinique pour la validation des plans pour chacune des structures telles que : la prostate, la vessie, le rectum et l’urètre. Les résultats obtenus sur la base d’un échantillon de 495 patients montrent que ces modèles peuvent aider le planificateur à personnaliser le processus d’optimisation sur la base du profil de paramètres géométriques de ce dernier, minimisant ainsi l’impact du jugement et l’expérience du planificateur sur la qualité du plan final. Leur utilisation peut être étendue comme un outil robuste pour la sélection de meilleurs plans pour les études de type “knowledge-based study”. Le projet doit cependant se poursuivre par l’exploration d’autres paramètres géométriques et par la validation clinique des différents modèles avant leur implémentation en routine clinique.Brachytherapy is a special modality of radiotherapy for cancerous tissues treatment. Unlike external radiotherapy, this form of radiation therapy modality uses sealed radiation sources positioned permanently or temporarily within (or close to) the treatment volume. Brachytherapy treatment modality has benefited from technological advances such as the use of remote afterloading units and the development of new dose optimization algorithms that led to the improvement of treatment plans quality. However, the treatment planning process, regardless of the optimization algorithm used for dose calculation in the treatment planning system (TPS), still requires a strong interaction between the planner and the TPS. This strong interaction not only increases the planning time, but also often leads to final plans whose quality depends on the planner’s judgment, as well as planner’s experience. The goal of the current project was to develop models for the optimization of the quality of high dose rate prostate brachytherapy plans, based on patient’s specific geometric parameters, using stochastic frontier analysis, a method of economic modeling. Geometric parameters involved in the modeling process are the volume of structures of interest such as the clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk (OARs); the Hausdorff distance between CTV and OARs, and a third parameter measuring the degree of non-parallelism of catheters within the prostate. The built models are expected to be helpful in the treatment planning process by predicting dosimetric parameters values attainable at the starting point of the treatment planning. They will provide valuable indications in advance, on the level of dose reduction to OARs, as well as, the target volume coverage achievable. Models were built for dosimetric parameters of interest analyzed in the clinic for clinical validation of plans for each structure (prostate, bladder, rectum and urethra). The modelling results based on a dataset of 495 plans show that the developed models can be helpful to assist planner in the optimization process based on the geometric parameters profile of each plan, thus minimizing the impact of the judgment and the planner’s experience on the final quality plan. Furthermore, their use can be extended as an accurate means for selecting optimized plans for a knowledge-based study. However, further research is required in order to investigate others geometric parameters, as well as, for the clinical benchmarking the performance of the developed models before their implementation in a clinical setting

In the backstage of the 2014 Ebola crisis news coverage : a focus on the lived experience of involved African journalists

This thesis examines the lived experiences of African journalists involved in the recent Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak. It contends that African journalists did not cover the crisis efficiently because of several barriers. The EVD epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 and has affected West African countries such as Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia, causing an estimated 11,279 deaths since March 2015. The outbreak, however, was not just a health crisis. It was a crisis of information that highlighted the ineffectiveness of top down messaging to reach communities directly affected by the outbreak.Master of Art

Strategies to Mitigate the Level of Inherent Risk in Retail Loan Portfolios

Despite regulatory requirements and technological advancements, bank managers face inherent risk in their retail loan portfolios. Bank managers who do not address and mitigate inherent risk in their retail loan portfolios are at a disadvantage to better know their customers, use technology, and enhance credit analytics. Grounded in the enterprise risk management framework, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore strategies bank managers used to mitigate the level of inherent risk in their retail loan portfolios. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and document reviews. Participants comprised eight bank managers at four companies who implemented successful strategies managing their retail loan portfolios\u27 risk. Using Yin’s five-step data analysis process, four themes emerged: know your customer, business knowledge and effective leadership, enhance credit analytics, and technology use. A key recommendation for bank managers is to use holistic risk assessment strategies to manage inherent risk. The implications for positive social change include increased sponsorships for local events with the potential increase of donations to local schools and outreach organizations supporting local community residents

Contributions respectives de l'activité physique de loisir et de l'activité physique occupationnelle à la variation du profil cardiométabolique

Selon Statistique Canada, il y avait 4 339 900 personnes en emploi au Québec en 2019. Ces derniers constituent une cible idéale pour implémenter un programme de prévention des maladies cardiométaboliques par l'activité physique, car près de 45 % de la population québécoise adulte présentaient au moins deux maladies chroniques (parmi lesquelles l'obésité, le diabète de types 2, les maladies cardiovasculaires et l'hypertension). Il est bien démontré que l'activité physique présente des bénéfices pour la santé physique et mentale. Plusieurs études ont également démontré l'impact positif que pouvait avoir l'activité physique sur la santé cardiorespiratoire et cardiométabolique. Toutefois, il a été rapporté quele contexte de la pratique d'activité physique (de loisir et occupationnelle) pourrait avoir des effets différents. En effet, la littérature actuelle suggère que l'activité physique occupationnelle n'améliore pas l'état de santé cardiométabolique contrairement à celle de loisir. Cette divergence émergente sur les bienfaits de l'activité physique a été nommée « paradoxe de l'activité physique ». Ce projet de maîtrise vise donc à documenter la contribution respective de l'activité physique de loisir et de l'activité physique occupationnelle sur le profil cardiorespiratoire et les marqueurs du risque cardiométabolique chez des travailleurs, femmes et hommes, du Québec. Pour y parvenir, une unité mobile d'évaluation de santé cardiométabolique et cardiorespiratoire a permis d'effectuer différentes évaluations directement dans les milieux de travail. Des données ont été recueillies auprès de 5145 employés. Des questionnaires sur l'histoire médicale et sur les habitudes de vie dont l'activité physique de loisir et occupationnelle ont été remplis. Le profil de risque cardiométabolique a été détaillé (tension artérielle, mesures anthropométriques, bilan lipidique et hémoglobine glyquée). Un test d'effort sous-maximal sur tapis roulant a permis de documenter la condition cardiorespiratoire des employés. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la santé cardiométabolique est liée au niveau d'activité physique de loisir contrairement au niveau d'activité physique occupationnelle. C'est le cas également de la condition cardiorespiratoire et d'un marqueur de l'obésité viscérale, la taille hypertriglycéridémiante. Bien que notre devis d'étude ne permette pas d'affirmer d'un lien de causalité ; il souligne néanmoins que l'activité physique de loisir est associée à une meilleure santé cardiométabolique et semble compenser les effets néfastes d'un travail sédentaire sur la santé cardiométabolique.According to Statistics Canada, there were 4,339,900 people employed in Québec in 2019. These people are an ideal target for implementing a program to prevent cardiometabolic diseases through physical activity, as nearly 45% of the adult Québec population had at least two chronic diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension). Yet, it is well demonstrated that physical activity has benefits for physical and mental health. Several studies have also demonstrated the positive impact that physical activity can have on cardiorespiratory and cardiometabolic health. Nevertheless, it has been reported that the context of the physical activity practice (leisure-time and occupational) could have different effects. Indeed, the current literature suggests that occupational physical activity does not improve cardiometabolic health status in contrast to leisure-time activity. This emerging discrepancy on the benefits of physical activity has been called the "physical activity paradox". This Master's project therefore aims to document the respective contribution of leisure-time physical activity and occupational physical activity on the cardiorespiratory profile and markers of cardiometabolic risk in male and female workers in Québec. To achieve this, a mobile cardiometabolic and cardiorespiratory health assessment unit was used to conduct various assessments directly in the workplace. Data were collected from 5145 employees. Questionnaires on medical history and lifestyle habits including leisure-time and occupational physical activity were completed. A detailed cardiometabolic risk profile was obtained (blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin). A submaximal exercise test on a treadmill was used to assess employees' cardiorespiratory fitness levels. The results obtained show that cardiometabolic health is related to the level of leisure-time physical activity, as opposed to the level of occupational physical activity. This is also the case for cardiorespiratory fitness and for a marker of visceral obesity, hypertriglyceridemic waist. Although our study design does not allow us to assert a causal link, it nonetheless highlights that leisure-time physical activity is associated with better cardiometabolic health, possibly offsetting the adverse effects of sedentary work on cardiometabolic health

LINFÓCITOS EM HANSENlASE: I. LINFÓCITOS B DO SANGUE PERIFÉRICO DE PORTADORES DO MAL DE HANSEN

Os autores estudaram os valores numéricos dos linfócitos do tipo B em doentes portadores domal de Hansen. Examinaram o sangue de 125 pessoas não portadoras de nenhuma doença aparente.Concomitantemente examinaram o sangue de 413 doentes, distribuídos nas formas: Virchowiana, tuberculóidee indeterminada. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças entre controles e portadoresda forma Virchowiana, para linfócitos do tipo B, porém diminuição em relação às outras duasformas: tuberculóide e indeterminada. Os autores também não encontraram diferenças estatisticamentesignificantes quando foram relacionados os resultados obtidos portadores das três formas estudadas.Verificaram ainda que o tempo de tratamento não modifica o número dos linfócitos dosangue periférico

Optimised MLP Neural Network Model for Optimum Prognostic Learning of out of School Children Trend in Africa: Implication for Guidance and Counselling

One crucial and intricate problem in the education sector that must be dealt with is children who initially enrolled in schools but later dropped out before finishing mandatory primary education. These children are generally referred to as out-of-school children. To contribute to the discuss, this paper presents the development of a robust Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based Neural Network Model (NN) for optimal prognostic learning of out-of-school children trends in Africa. First, the Bayesian optimization algorithm has been engaged to determine the best MLP hyperparameters and their specific training values. Secondly, MLP-tuned hyperparameters were employed for optimal prognostic learning of different out-of-school children data trends in Africa. Thirdly, to assess the proposed MLP-NN model's prognostic performance, two error metrics were utilized, which are the Correlation coefficient (R) and Normalized root means square error (NRMSE). Among other things, a higher R and lower NRMSE values indicate a better MLP-NN precision performance. The all-inclusive results of the developed MLP-NN model indicate a satisfactory prediction capacity, attaining low NRMSE values between 0.017 - 0.310 during training and 0.034 - 0.233 during testing, respectively. In terms of correlation fits, the out-of-school children's data and the ones obtained with the developed MLP-NN model recorded high correlation precision training/testing performance values of 0.9968/0.9974, 0.9801/0.9373, 0.9977/0.9948 and 0.9957/0.9970, respectively. Thus, the MLP-NN model has made it possible to reliably predict the different patterns and trends rate of out-of-school children in Africa. One of the implications for counselling, among others, is that if every African government is seriously committed to funding education at the foundation level, there would be a reduction in the number of out-of-school children as observed in the out-of-school children data

Monitoração da leucose enzoótica bovina no gado leiteiro da região de Pitangueiras (SP)

Anticorpos précipitantes contra o antígeno gp51 do vírus da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina foram pesquisados em amostras de soros de vacas leiteiras da região do município de Pitangueiras, no Estado de São Paulo. As amostras sanguíneas eram de animais provenientes de sete propriedades rurais que foram acompanhadas anualmente de 1992 até 1995. Durante o ano de 1992 foram analisados 140 soros, dos quais 24 (17,1%) eram reagentes positivos, 21 (15,0%) suspeitos e 95 (67,9%) negativos. Em 1993, dos 122 soros testados, 25 (20,5%) foram positivos, 8 (6,6%) suspeitos e 89 (72,9%) negativos. No ano de 1994 foram testadas 135 amostras, das quais 45 (33,3%) eram positivas, 19 (14,1%) suspeitas e 71 (52,6%) negativas. Finalmente, em 1995, foram analisadas as amostras de 119 animais sendo que 60 (50,4%) eram positivas, 11 (9,2%) suspeitas e 48 (40,4%) negativas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que no decorrer do experimento houve um nítido aumento na prevalência da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina com o passar do tempo. Sob o prisma da Defesa Sanitária Animal, a crescente disseminação da doença na população estudada serve como alerta sobre o comportamento epidemiológico e sobre a evolução na difusão da enfermidade em nosso meio