Sustainable water resources management for irrigated agriculture in Latin America

[No abstract available]EU/FP

Effect of water application on wine quality and yield in ‘Carménère’ under the presence of a shallow water table in central Chile

Chile is the world’s leading producer of ‘Carménère’ (Vitis vinifera L.), which in turn is an important variety in Chile, where vineyards are typically grown under irrigated conditions and a large percentage are located in valleys with similar water table levels to those of the study area. Different irrigation management strategies have been used to improve wine quality, such as water stress and deficit irrigations, but the presence of a water table has not been considered in extant literature. This study analyzes the effects of the irrigation regime on grape yield and wine quality when a shallow water table is located between 1.5 to 2.2 m depth during the irrigation season. Five applied water treatments: 0%, 20%, 40%, 75%, and 100% of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) were applied in an own-rooted ‘Carménère’ vineyard located in the Peumo Valley (Chile) during three consecutive seasons (2004-2005 to 2006-2007). Applying 1400 to 9400 m3 ha-1 per season (100% ETc) had no substantial effect on the measured quality parameters, although grape production in the treatment without irrigation (0% ETc) was significantly reduced. Applying water at 20% to 40% ETc produced high yield (13 to 16 t ha-1), double the historical mean production, and high quality wine with the presence of a water table close to the bottom of the root zone.Universidad de Concepción, ChileBMBF/CONICYT 231-2010Water Resources Center for Agriculture and MiningCONICYT/FONDAP/1513001

Estimation of Yield Response Factor for Each Growth Stage under Local Conditions Using AquaCrop-OS

We propose a methodology to estimate the yield response factor (i.e., the slope of the water-yield function) under local conditions for a given crop, weather, sowing date, and management at each growth stage using AquaCrop-OS. The methodology was applied to three crops (maize, sugar beet, and wheat) and four soil types (clay loam, loam, silty clay loam, and silty loam), considering three levels of bulk density: low, medium, and high. Yields are estimated for different weather and management scenarios using a problem-specific algorithm for optimal irrigation scheduling with limited water supply (GET-OPTIS). Our results show a good agreement between benchmarking (mathematical approach) and benchmark (estimated by AquaCrop-OS) using the Normalised Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), allowing us to estimate reliable yield response factors ( Ky ) under local conditions and to dispose of the typical simple mathematical approach, which estimates the yield reduction as a result of water scarcity at each growth stage

Commonality and variation in mental representations of music revealed by a cross-cultural comparison of rhythm priors in 15 countries

Music is present in every known society but varies from place to place. What, if anything, is universal to music cognition? We measured a signature of mental representations of rhythm in 39 participant groups in 15 countries, spanning urban societies and Indigenous populations. Listeners reproduced random ‘seed’ rhythms; their reproductions were fed back as the stimulus (as in the game of ‘telephone’), such that their biases (the prior) could be estimated from the distribution of reproductions. Every tested group showed a sparse prior with peaks at integer-ratio rhythms. However, the importance of different integer ratios varied across groups, often reflecting local musical practices. Our results suggest a common feature of music cognition: discrete rhythm ‘categories’ at small-integer ratios. These discrete representations plausibly stabilize musical systems in the face of cultural transmission but interact with culture-specific traditions to yield the diversity that is evident when mental representations are probed across many cultures

Commonality and variation in mental representations of music revealed by a cross-cultural comparison of rhythm priors in 15 countries

Music is present in every known society but varies from place to place. What, if anything, is universal to music cognition? We measured a signature of mental representations of rhythm in 39 participant groups in 15 countries, spanning urban societies and Indigenous populations. Listeners reproduced random 'seed' rhythms; their reproductions were fed back as the stimulus (as in the game of 'telephone'), such that their biases (the prior) could be estimated from the distribution of reproductions. Every tested group showed a sparse prior with peaks at integer-ratio rhythms. However, the importance of different integer ratios varied across groups, often reflecting local musical practices. Our results suggest a common feature of music cognition: discrete rhythm 'categories' at small-integer ratios. These discrete representations plausibly stabilize musical systems in the face of cultural transmission but interact with culture-specific traditions to yield the diversity that is evident when mental representations are probed across many cultures. [Abstract copyright: © 2024. The Author(s).

Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

The third-generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5× expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth readout differ from predictions based on models of the SPTpol system due to the higher frequencies used and parasitic impedances associated with new cryogenic electronic architecture. To address this, we present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise, which become dominant at high bias frequency. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G. These results also suggest specific changes to warm electronics component values, wire-harness properties, and SQUID parameters, to improve the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD space telescope

Relación entre apariencia de semillas y madurez fenólica: Un estudio de caso usando uvas cv. Carménère.

La evaluación sensorial de uvas (Vitis vinifera L.) juega un rol clave en la determinación de la fecha de cosecha en los últimos estados de la maduración de la baya. La cosecha del cv. Carménère es una de las últimas en Chile. Durante la temporada 2007-2008, la evolución de la apariencia de semillas ‘Carménère’ fue evaluada como un criterio de cosecha, comparándola con la madurez química y fenólica. Las muestras fueron obtenidas desde una viña orgánica localizada en el valle de Curicó, Chile. Se colectaron semanalmente 100 bayas desde vides de vigor medio con el fin de registrar fotográficamente las caras ventral y dorsal de cada semilla, comenzando las mediciones a los 16 ºBrix. Además del porcentaje de taninos de semilla, las antocianas extraíbles, antocianas totales y el índice de polifenoles totales, como también el pH, acidez y los sólidos solubles fueron registrados. Una rueda de color de la cubierta de semilla con una descripción de 12 colores digitales fue propuesta para este cultivar. Cuando el color excedió el número 10 (café muy oscuro), los sólidos solubles habían alcanzado los 24 ºBrix un mes antes. Dos correlaciones inversas entre el color de cubierta de semilla vs. porcentaje de taninos de semilla y vs. índice de polifenoles totales fueron encontradas. La madurez fenólica adecuada (máximo de antocianas y mínimo de taninos de semilla) ocurrió 177 días posfloración. La observación del color de cubierta de semilla puede ser un parámetro confiable, simple y económico para determinar la correcta madurez de fenoles en vides ‘Carménère’

Relación entre apariencia de semillas y madurez fenólica: Un estudio de caso usando uvas cv. Carménère.

La evaluación sensorial de uvas (Vitis vinifera L.) juega un rol clave en la determinación de la fecha de cosecha en los últimos estados de la maduración de la baya. La cosecha del cv. Carménère es una de las últimas en Chile. Durante la temporada 2007-2008, la evolución de la apariencia de semillas ‘Carménère’ fue evaluada como un criterio de cosecha, comparándola con la madurez química y fenólica. Las muestras fueron obtenidas desde una viña orgánica localizada en el valle de Curicó, Chile. Se colectaron semanalmente 100 bayas desde vides de vigor medio con el fin de registrar fotográficamente las caras ventral y dorsal de cada semilla, comenzando las mediciones a los 16 ºBrix. Además del porcentaje de taninos de semilla, las antocianas extraíbles, antocianas totales y el índice de polifenoles totales, como también el pH, acidez y los sólidos solubles fueron registrados. Una rueda de color de la cubierta de semilla con una descripción de 12 colores digitales fue propuesta para este cultivar. Cuando el color excedió el número 10 (café muy oscuro), los sólidos solubles habían alcanzado los 24 ºBrix un mes antes. Dos correlaciones inversas entre el color de cubierta de semilla vs. porcentaje de taninos de semilla y vs. índice de polifenoles totales fueron encontradas. La madurez fenólica adecuada (máximo de antocianas y mínimo de taninos de semilla) ocurrió 177 días posfloración. La observación del color de cubierta de semilla puede ser un parámetro confiable, simple y económico para determinar la correcta madurez de fenoles en vides ‘Carménère’