Cholinergic endings on various neurons containing calcium binding proteins and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the hippocampus of the rat

Immunohistochemical study of the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal cells containing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and calcium binding proteins: parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) was conducted on 5 adult rat brains. Analysis of sections with double immunostaining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT; the marker of cholinergic cells, fibres and terminals) and respectively either GAD or PV, CB, CR, using confocal laser-scanning microscope shows that the intensive cholinergic innervations receive GAD, PV and CB-positive hippocampal cells. Cholinergic afferentations of the CR-positive neurones are considerably fewer

Cholinergic innervation and calretinin-immunoreactive neurones in the hippocampus during postnatal development of the rat brain

Immunohistochemical study of the cholinergic innervation of the hippocampal calretinin-containing cells was conducted on 28 rat brains of postnatal ages: P0, P4, P7, P14, P21, P30 and P60. Sections with double immunostaining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT; the marker of cholinergic cells, fibres and terminals) and calretinin were analysed using confocal laser-scanning microscope. Obtained data demonstrate that during development as well as in adult species calretinin-containing neurones in the rat hippocampus form sparse synaptic contact with VAChT-ir terminals. It seems probable that cholinergic innervation is not crucial for the functioning of CR-ir cells - probably they remain under the greater influence of a system other than the cholinergic system

Cholinergic innervation of parvalbumin- and calbindin-containing neurones in the hippocampus during postnatal development of the rat brain

Immunohistochemical study of the cholinergic innervation of the parvalbuminand calbindin-containing cells in the hippocampus was conducted on 30 rat brains of various postnatal ages: P0, P4, P7, P14, P21, P30, P60 and P180. Sections with double immunostaining for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT; the marker of cholinergic cells, fibres and terminals) and parvalbumin (PV) or calbindin (CB) were analysed using confocal laser-scanning microscope. Obtained data demonstrate that the pattern of cholinergic innervation of calbindin- and parvalbumin-immunoreactive hippocampal neurones shows some differences. During development as well as in the adult species cholinergic terminals preferentially innervate CB-containing neurones, while cholinergic terminals on PV-containing cells were observed rarely. Cholinergic endings on the CB-ir neurones are localised both on their somata and dendrites, whereas on PV-ir cells they form synaptic contact predominantly with processes. In spite of the unquestionable cholinergic influence particularly on CB-ir cells, the number of cholinergic endings suggests that this input seems not to be crucial for the activity of the studied cell populations

The differences in thermal profiles between normal and leukemic cells exposed to anticancer drug evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogenous disease with an imbalance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. Therefore, the main goal in CLL therapy is to induce apoptosis and effectively support this process in transformed B lymphocytes. In the current study, we have compared differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profiles of nuclei isolated from CLL cells and normal mononuclear cells exposed to cladribine or fludarabine combined with mafosfamide (CM; FM), and additionally to CM combined with monoclonal antibody—rituximab (RCM) for 48 h, as well as in culture medium only (controls). Under current study, the mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMCs) of healthy individuals have been included. The obtained results have shown the presence of thermal transition at 95 ± 5 °C in most of nuclear preparations (92.2 %) isolated from blood of CLL patients. This thermal characteristic parameter was changed after drug exposure, however, to a different extent. These thermal changes were accompanied by the decrease of cell viability, an elevation of apoptosis rate and the changes in expression/proteolysis of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1—main marker of apoptosis. Importantly, in DSC profiles of nuclear preparations of PBMCs from blood of healthy donors exposed to investigated drug combinations and control CLL cells, the lack of such changes was observed. Our results confirmed that DSC technique complemented with other biological approaches could be helpful in tailoring therapy for CLL patients.Research was sponsored by Grant from the Polish National Science Centre (No. 2011/01/B/NZ/0102); Results of presented study were partially presented in oral presentation on 2nd Central and Eastern European Conference on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry in Vilnius, Lithuania, 201

Wpływ terapii wybranymi lekami hipolipemizującymi na erytrocyty i osocze pacjentów po przebytym zawale serca

Choroba niedokrwienna serca stanowi jedną z głównych przyczyn zgonów w Polsce i na świecie. Obecnie terminem tym określany jest zespół objawów chorobowych związanych z niedostatecznym zaopatrzeniem mięśnia sercowego w tlen i substraty energetyczne, co w konsekwencji prowadzić może do zawałów serca. Chorobie tej towarzyszą zaburzenia lipidowe oraz dochodzi do nasilenia stresu oksydacyjnego. Towarzyszące chorobie niedokrwiennej serca zaburzenia mogą wpływać na parametry osocza oraz struktury erytrocytów, prowadząc do dysfunkcji błon erytrocytarnych i właściwości reologicznych erytrocytów oraz do dysfunkcji osocza . U osób z chorobą niedokrwienną serca zaobserwowano wzrost peroksydacji lipidów w błonach erytrocytów a także w osoczu. Wzrost tego parametru świadczy o zaburzeniach równowagi pro- i antyoksydacyjnej. Podwyższonemu poziomowi peroksydacji lipidów, u osób z ChNS, towarzyszy spadek aktywności enzymów antyoksydacyjnych. U pacjentów zaobserwowano również podwyższony poziom cholesterolu w osoczu oraz w błonach erytrocytarnych. Zmianom tym towarzyszy wzrost mikrolepkości błon erytrocytarnych, zarówno w warstwach przypowierzchniowych jak i głębszych oraz spadek oporności osmotycznej erytrocytów. U pacjentów tych obserwowano także wzrost poziomu homocysteiny w osoczu oraz wzrost aktywności enzymów cholinergicznych takich jak acetylocholinoesteraza – obecna w błonach erytrocytów i butyrylocholinoesteraza – obecna w osoczu. Zastosowane terapie lekami hipolipemizującymi wykazują korzystny wpływ na parametry, do których zaburzenia dochodzi w chorobie niedokrwiennej serca. Po sześciomiesięcznej terapii rozuwastatyną, atorwastatyna oraz terapii skojarzonej atorwastatyny z ezetymibem u pacjentów z chorobą niedokrwienną serca obserwowano obniżenie stężenia cholesterolu, wzrost płynności błon w warstwach przypowierzchniowych, wzrost oporności osmotycznej erytrocytów. Korzystny wpływ terapii zaobserwowano również w parametrach związanych ze stresem oksydacyjnym. Poziom peroksydacji lipidów w błonach erytrocytarnych jak i w osoczu spadł do wartości obserwowanych w grupie kontrolnej. Aktywność enzymów antyoksydacyjnych wzrosła natomiast do wartości wyższych niż obserwowano w grupie pacjentów niechorujących na chorobę niedokrwienna serca. Po zastosowaniu terapii odnotowano również obniżenie aktywności enzymów cholinergicznych, zarówno acetylocholinoesterazy jak butyrylocholinoesterazy, a także spadek poziomu homocysteiny. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników można wnioskować, że wybrane terapie hipolipemizujące korzystnie wpływają na parametry erytrocytów oraz osocza, których zaburzenia obserwujemy w chorobie niedokrwiennej serca. Terapia skojarzona wykazuje podobne efekty działania jak monoterapie statynami, co pozwala na zmniejszenie dawki statyny w leczeniu a tym samym obniżenie niebezpieczeństwa wystąpienia skutków ubocznych związanych z zastosowaniem wysokich dawek statyn.The coronary artery disease is one of the main causes of death in Poland and in the worldwide. Nowadays, this term is defined as a syndrome of symptoms associated with an insufficient supply of oxygen and energy substrates to the heart muscle, which may lead to heart attacks. The disease is accompanied by lipid disorders and it is responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species. The disorders that accompany coronary artery disease may affect the parameters of plasma and erythrocyte structure, leading to dysfunction of erythrocytes’ membrane and rheological properties of erythrocytes and plasma dysfunction. Patients with coronary artery disease showed an increase in lipid peroxidation level in the membranes of erythrocytes and in the plasma. The increase in this parameter testifies to the imbalance of pro- and antioxidant. Elevated level of lipid peroxidation observed in patients with CAD, was accompanied by decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes. Increased plasma cholesterol levels in the erythrocyte membranes were also reported among the group of patients suffering from this disease. These changes are followed by a decrease of membrane fluidity, both, in subsurface and in deeper layers and a decrease in osmotic fragility of red blood cells. In these patients an increase in homocysteine level as well as an increase of cholinergic enzymes activity (such as acetylcholinesterase – present in the membranes of erythrocytes and butyrylocholinoesterase – present in plasma) were observed. Lipid-lowering drugs have a beneficial effect on the parameters that have been changed in coronary artery disease. After six months of therapy with rosuvastatin, atorvastatin and combination therapy using: atorvastatin with ezetimibe, patients with CAD showed (or expressed) decrease of cholesterol level, increase of membrane fluidity in subsurface layers, increased osmotic fragility of red blood cells. Beneficial effects of treatment were also observed in the parameters associated with oxidative stress. The level of lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membranes and in plasma fell to values observed in the control group. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased to the higher value than observed in control group. After applying the treatment decreased activity of the cholinergic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and a decrease in homocysteine levels were reported. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that the selected lipid-lowering therapies have a positive effect on erythrocytes and plasma parameters, which disorder is a cause of a coronary artery disease. Combination treatment has produced a similar results as monotreatment with statins. All of which allows to reduce the dose of the statin in the treatment therefore reducing the danger of side effects associated with the use of high doses of statins.Projekt pt."Wpływ terapii wybranymi lekami hipolipemizujacymi na erytrocyty i osocze pacjentów po przebytym zawale serca" finansowany przez Uniwersytet Łódzki Grant Nr. 506/982, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi, Grant Nr 502-03/5-165-01/502-54-072. Praca doktorska objęta była projektem „Doktoranci-Regionalna Inwestycja w Młodych naukowców nauk-przyrodniczo-technologicznych. Akronim D-RIM BIO” współfinansowany ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego

Administrative jurisdictional proceeding concerning the granting of social welfare cash benefits by the commune.

Niniejsza praca ma na celu ukazanie administracyjnego postepowania jurysdykcyjnego szczególnego w sprawie przyznawania świadczeń pieniężnych z pomocy społecznej przez najmniejszą jednostkę samorządu terytorialnego jaką jest gmina. Rozważania zostały podzielone na trzy rozdziały. Pierwszy skupia się na zagadnieniach ogólnych z zakresu przedmiotowego postepowania tj. źródłami prawnymi, właściwością gminy i sposobem jej określania oraz przesłankami uprawniającymi do otrzymywania świadczeń pieniężnych z pomocy społecznej. Kolejna część opracowania została poświęcona rodzajom świadczeń pieniężnych z pomocy społecznej. W ostatniej części pracy został omówiony przebieg przedmiotowego postepowania, począwszy od wszczęcia aż po wydanie decyzji administracyjnej. Wskazane postepowanie zostało rozważone w świetle idei pomocy społecznej oraz zasad postepowania administracyjnego.The aim of this paper is to show the special administrative jurisdictional proceeding regarding the granting of cash benefits from social assistance by the smallest local government unit, i. e. the commune. The considerations are divided into three chapters. The first one focuses on general issues related to the subject matter of the proceeding, i. e. legal sources, jurisdiction of the commune and the way it is determined, as well as the prerequisites for receiving cash benefits from social assistance. The next part of the paper was devoted to the types of cash benefits from social assistance. The last part of the paper discusses the course of this procedure, from the initiation to the issuance of an administrative decision. The indicated procedure was considered in the light of the idea of social welfare and the principles of administrative procedure

Supplementation with omega fatty acids in various diseases

For some decades, an increase in propagation of coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, tumors and mental disorders has been observed. Consequently, new and effective methods of treatment of these diseases using drugs and diet supplements have been developed. A promising solution is the use of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of some diseases.These compounds have broad application in prevention of many diseases and are used to support standard therapies. Their activity is connected with participation in metabolic processes regulating biochemical transformations in cells and tissues.Omega-3 fatty acids regulate production of cytokines, increased levels of which may contribute to occurrence of chronic inflammatory diseases, autoaggression of the immunological system, arteriosclerosis or tumor development. These substances exert a beneficial effect on the blood system by improvement of blood circulation and nerve signal transmission. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of irregular heartbeat, stabilize arterial pressure, and restore balance in cholesterol metabolism disorders.They also play a key role in maintaining physical and mental efficiency; thus administration of these compounds for young children is of great importance. Nevertheless, administration of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet seems to be essential. The purpose of this study is to present the structure and sources of omega-3 and – 6 fatty acids and discuss the problems concerning therapeutic use of these compounds in various disorders

Increased oxidative stress and decreased membrane fluidity in erythrocytes of CAD patients

One of many risk factors for cardiovascular disease appears to be oxidative stress. To estimate possible changes in redox balance, membrane fluidity, and cholesterol level in erythrocytes was collected erythrocytes from patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD). The study included 20 patients with previous myocardial infarction occurring more than 6 months prior to the time of screening with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) &gt;70 mg/dL and 21 healthy controls. The following parameters were studied: catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates (TBARS), sulfhydryl (SH) groups in membrane protein, total cholesterol level, and erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Our study showed an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation (13%) and total cholesterol (19%), and a decrease in membrane fluidity (14%) in the subsurface layers and in the deeper layers of erythrocyte membrane (7%) isolated from patients with CAD in comparison to healthy controls. A significant decrease in catalase (10%) and SOD (17%) activities were also observed. No changes in GPx activity or the level of SH groups were observed. Our study indicates that there are disorders in the antioxidant system as well as changes in the membrane structure of erythrocytes obtained from CAD patients.</jats:p