Air temperature estimation at very high resolution in mountainous areas

This work compares several methods for estimating high-resolution air temperatures in mountain areas. The case study of a small alpine valley (the Nant valley, canton of Vaud, Switzerland) is used. An interpolation of measurements at three meteorological stations is carried out by applying a weighted inverse distance method, coupled with an altitudinal correction. Different temperature estimation products are compared in order to assess the performance of interpolation methods: products from CHCLIM25 downscaling, as well as outputs from the ERA5 climate reanalysis. The influence of the use of monthly or annual altitudinal temperature lapse rates is tested. An in-situ measurement network using mini thermometers is also set up to estimate the influence of local site effects on temperatures. This work shows that the interpolation of temperatures from in situ measurements, coupled with a monthly temperature lapse rate, makes it possible to model the annual dynamics of temperatures well, however the representation of the effects of local sites can be refined

Evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of pimaricin-loaded thermosensitive nanohydrogels in grape juice

Pimaricin-loaded poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanohydrogels with and without acrylic acid, were evaluated as food-spoilage inhibitors in a model system and a real food product: grape juice. Pimaricin was proposed as a non-allergenic alternative to sulphites for protecting juices against recontamination. However, pimaricin may degrade under conditions and treatments (heating, acidification, lighting) commonly applied in producing fresh juices. Nanohydrogel encapsulation may be a feasible procedure to avoid pimaricin degradation, improving its antimicrobial activity. Pimaricin-free nanohydrogels did not affect the growth of the indicator yeast either in the food model system or in grape juice. Conversely, pimaricin-loaded nanohydrogels effectively inhibited the growth of the indicator yeast. In some cases, the inhibition was extended even further than using free pimaricin. For instance, in the food model system, pimaricin-loaded nanohydrogels with acrylic acid (NPPNIPA-20AA(5)) prevented the yeast growth for more than 81 h while free pimaricin was only effective for 12 h. Despite pimaricin-loaded nanohydrogels without acrylic acid (NPPNIPA(5)) were able to reduce maximum yeast growth, as in all treatments with pimaricin, the extent of the inhibitory effect was not significantly (p>0.05) different to that achieved with free pimaricin. In grape juice, both free pimaricin and NPPNIPA-20AA(5) treatment completely inhibited the growth of the indicator yeast until the end of the bioassay. However, the latter provided similar inhibition levels using a smaller amount of pimaricin due to PNIPA-20AA(5) protection and its controlled release from the nanohydrogel. Therefore, nanohydrogel encapsulation may help to optimise antifungal treatments and decrease the incidence of food allergies.Funded by grant (MAT 2006-11662-CO3-CO2-C01/MAT 2010-21509-C03-01/EUI 2008-00115) from the “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” (Spain). Grant (SFRH/BPD/87910/2012) from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal). Marie Curie COFUND Postdoctoral Research Fellow

The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes

Based on a calculation of neural decoherence rates, we argue that that the degrees of freedom of the human brain that relate to cognitive processes should be thought of as a classical rather than quantum system, i.e., that there is nothing fundamentally wrong with the current classical approach to neural network simulations. We find that the decoherence timescales ~10^{-13}-10^{-20} seconds are typically much shorter than the relevant dynamical timescales (~0.001-0.1 seconds), both for regular neuron firing and for kink-like polarization excitations in microtubules. This conclusion disagrees with suggestions by Penrose and others that the brain acts as a quantum computer, and that quantum coherence is related to consciousness in a fundamental way.Comment: Minor changes to match accepted PRE version. 15 pages with 5 figs included. Color figures and links at http://www.physics.upenn.edu/~max/brain.html or from [email protected]. Physical Review E, in pres

Air temperature estimation at very high resolution in mountainous areas

This work compares several methods for estimating high-resolution air temperatures in mountain areas. The case study of a small alpine valley (the Nant valley, canton of Vaud, Switzerland) is used. An interpolation of measurements at three meteorological stations is carried out by applying a weighted inverse distance method, coupled with an altitudinal correction. Different temperature estimation products are compared in order to assess the performance of interpolation methods: products from CHCLIM25 downscaling, as well as outputs from the ERA5 climate reanalysis. The influence of the use of monthly or annual altitudinal temperature lapse rates is tested. An in-situ measurement network using mini thermometers is also set up to estimate the influence of local site effects on temperatures. This work shows that the interpolation of temperatures from in situ measurements, coupled with a monthly temperature lapse rate, makes it possible to model the annual dynamics of temperatures well, however the representation of the effects of local sites can be refined.Ce travail compare plusieurs méthodes d’estimation des températures de l’air à haute résolution en zone de montagne. Le cas d’étude d’un petit vallon alpin (vallon de Nant, canton de Vaud, Suisse) est utilisé. Une interpolation des mesures au niveau de trois stations météorologiques est menée en appliquant une méthode d’inverse distance pondérée, couplée à une correction altitudinale. Différents produits d’estimation des températures sont comparés afin d’évaluer les performances des méthodes d’interpolation : les produits issus de descente d’échelle CHCLIM25, ainsi que les sorties de ré analyses climatiques ERA5. L’influence de l’utilisation de gradients altitudinaux de température mensuels ou annuels est testée. Un réseau de mesure in-situ via des mini thermomètres est également mis en place afin d’estimer l’influence des effets de site locaux sur les températures. Ce travail montre que l’interpolation des températures à partir de mesures in situ, couplée avec un gradient thermique mensuel, permet de bien modéliser la dynamique annuelle des températures, cependant la représentation des effets de sites locaux peut être affinée

An analog retina model for detecting dim moving objects against a bright moving background

We are interested in applications that require the ability to track a dim target against a bright, moving background. Since the target signal will be less than or comparable to the variations in the background signal intensity, sophisticated techniques must be employed to detect the target. We present an analog retina model that adapts to the motion of the background in order to enhance targets that have a velocity difference with respect to the background. Computer simulation results and our preliminary concept of an analog 'Z' focal plane implementation are also presented

A multi-sourced assessment of the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture in the MARINE flash flood model

The MARINE (Model of Anticipation of Runoff and INundations for Extreme events) hydrological model is a distributed model dedicated to flash flood simulation. Recent developments of the MARINE model are explored in this work. On one hand, transfers of water through the subsurface, formerly relying on water height, now take place in a homogeneous soil column based on the soil saturation degree (SSF model). On the other hand, the soil column is divided into two layers, which represent, respectively, the upper soil layer and the deep weathered rocks (SSF–DWF model). The aim of the present work is to assess the accuracy of these new representations for the simulation of soil moisture during flash flood events. An exploration of the various products available in the literature for soil moisture estimation is performed. The efficiency of the models for soil saturation degree simulation is estimated with respect to several products either at the local scale or spatially distributed: (i) the gridded soil moisture product provided by the operational modeling chain SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU; (ii) the gridded soil moisture product provided by the LDAS-Monde assimilation chain, which is based on the ISBA-A-gs land surface model and assimilating satellite derived data; (iii) the upper soil water content hourly measurements taken from the SMOSMANIA observation network; and (iv) the Soil Water Index provided by the Copernicus Global Land Service (CGLS), which is derived from Sentinel-1 C-SAR and ASCAT satellite data. The case study is performed over two French Mediterranean catchments impacted by flash flood events over the 2017–2019 period. The local comparison of the MARINE outputs with the SMOSMANIA measurements, as well as the comparison at the basin scale of the MARINE outputs with the gridded LDAS-Monde and CGLS data, lead to the following conclusion: both the dynamics and the amplitudes of the soil saturation degree simulated with the SSF and SSF–DWF models are better correlated with both the SMOSMANIA measurements and the LDAS-Monde data than the outputs of the base model. Finally, the soil saturation degree simulated by the two-layers model for the deep layer is compared to the soil saturation degree provided by the LDAS-Monde product at corresponding depths. In conclusion, the developments presented for the representation of subsurface flow in the MARINE model enhance the soil saturation degree simulation during flash floods with respect to both gridded data and local soil moisture measurements

Critical observations on and suggested ways forward for healthcare communication during COVID-19: pEACH position paper

Objective: Communication in healthcare has influenced and been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this position paper, we share observations based on the latest available evidence and experiential knowledge that have emerged during the pandemic, with a specific focus on policy and practice. Methods: This is a position paper that presents observations relating to policy and practice in communication in healthcare related to COVID-19. Results: Through our critical observations as experts in the field of healthcare communication, we share our stance how healthcare communication has occured during the pandemic and suggest possible ways of improving policy and professional practice. We make recommendations for policy makers, healthcare providers, and communication experts while also highlighting areas that merit further investigation regarding healthcare communication in times of healthcare crises. Conclusion: We have witnessed an upheaval of healthcare practice and the development of policy on-the-run. To ensure that policy and practice are evidence-based, person-centred, more inclusive and equitable, we advocate for critical reflection on this symbiotic relationship between COVID-19 and the central role of communication in healthcare. Practice implications: This paper provides a summary of the key areas for development in communication in healthcare during COVID-19. It offers recommendations for improvement and a call to review policies and practice to build resilience and inclusive and equitable responsiveness in communication in healthcare

Multi-instrumental monitoring of snowmelt infiltration in Vallon de Nant, Swiss Alps

To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the contribution of snowmelt to mountainous water cycles, it is necessary to better understand the processes controlling the infiltration of snowmelt into mountainous soils. This research uniquely combines snowmelt rate data with soil moisture dynamics, providing a comprehensive 3-year dataset. The integration of multiple measurement techniques and the estimation of the snowmelt rate through the measurement of snow resistivity offer a new perspective on snowmelt infiltration processes. The study area is located in Vallon de Nant, Swiss Alps. Measurement points are distributed at mid- to high elevations in various alpine environments. Besides demonstrating the instrumental setup, we also investigated the snowmelt infiltration dynamics in the study area. Results indicate that, although melt rates are considerably lower than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity values, the response times of shallow soil moisture and stream discharge to melt events are fast (from 2 to 5 h). At the point measurement locations, snowmelt hardly infiltrates below 30 cm. These findings highlight how the fast recession of soil moisture peaks to snowmelt may limit the capacity of mountain soils to retain water, potentially increasing their vulnerability to dry periods in the future.</p

WormBase: new content and better access

WormBase (), a model organism database for Caenorhabditis elegans and other related nematodes, continues to evolve and expand. Over the past year WormBase has added new data on C.elegans, including data on classical genetics, cell biology and functional genomics; expanded the annotation of closely related nematodes with a new genome browser for Caenorhabditis remanei; and deployed new hardware for stronger performance. Several existing datasets including phenotype descriptions and RNAi experiments have seen a large increase in new content. New datasets such as the C.remanei draft assembly and annotations, the Vancouver Fosmid library and TEC-RED 5′ end sites are now available as well. Access to and searching WormBase has become more dependable and flexible via multiple mirror sites and indexing through Google

Controlled Release of Doxorubicin Loaded within Magnetic Thermo-responsive Nanocarriers under Magnetic and Thermal Actuation in a Microfluidic Channel

We report a procedure to grow thermo-responsive polymer shells at the surface of magnetic nanocarriers made of multiple iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles embedded in poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-ocatadecene) polymer nanobeads. Depending on the comonomers and on their relative composition, tunable phase transition temperatures in the range between 26 and 47 °C under physiological conditions could be achieved. Using a suitable microfluidic platform combining magnetic nanostructures and channels mimicking capillaries of the circulatory system, we demonstrate that thermo-responsive nanobeads are suitable for localized drug delivery with combined thermal and magnetic activation. Below the critical temperature nanobeads are stable in suspension, retain their cargo, and cannot be easily trapped by magnetic fields. Increasing the temperature above the critical temperature causes the aggregation of nanobeads, forming clusters with a magnetic moment high enough to permit their capture by suitable magnetic g..