Etat des lieux de la traduction en langues nationales au Cameroun

De nombreux travaux ont démontré que le multilinguisme fait partie de l’essence même de l’Afrique subsaharienne (Greenberg, 1955 ; Senghor, 1956). Étant donné la multiplicité de communautés ethniques et linguistiques dans cette région, la traduction a toujours existé et continue de faire partie du quotidien. Le Cameroun, en ce qui le concerne, compte 238 langues nationales (BinamBikoiet al., 2012) et n’abrite aucune école consacrée essentiellement à la formation de traducteurs et de traductrices dans lesdites langues. Par contre le pays se retrouve à une conjoncture où il est nécessaire que toutes les communautés accèdent à l’information officielle pour faire croître un sentiment d’appartenance et accélérer ainsi l’intégration nationale. Cet article vise à faire l’état des lieux de la traduction en langues nationales au Cameroun en vue de déblayer le chemin pour des mesures d’amélioration de ce secteur. Une méthodologie de recherche à la fois qualitative et quantitative a été utilisée pour mener cette étude. Les données ont été collectées, non seulement à partir des questionnaires à une moyenne de 120 traducteurs en langues nationales, mais également à partir des interviews et des groupes de discussion avec des cadres des institutions de traduction en langues nationales. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent quel’activité de traduction en langues nationales au Cameroun est en un état acceptable, mais peut d’avantage être boostée, non seulement par des mesures modernes telles que les outils de traduction assistée par ordinateur (TAO), mais également par une politique publique plus normative et plus formelle

The effect of early versus late treatment initiation after diagnosis on the outcomes of patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Globally it is estimated that 480 000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in 2014 and 190 000 people died from the disease. Successful treatment outcomes are achieved in only 50 % of patients with MDR-TB, compared to 86 % for drug susceptible disease. It is widely held that delay in time to initiation of treatment for MDR-TB is an important predictor of treatment outcome. The objective of this review was to assess the existing evidence on the outcomes of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated early (≤4 weeks) versus late (>4 weeks) after diagnosis of drug resistance. METHODS: Eight sources providing access to 17 globally representative electronic health care databases, indexes, sources of evidence-based reviews and grey literature were searched using terms incorporating time to treatment and MDR-TB. Two-stage sifting in duplicate was employed to assess studies against pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only those articles reporting WHO-defined treatment outcomes were considered for inclusion. Articles reporting on fewer than 10 patients, published before 1990, or without a comparison of outcomes in patient groups experiencing different delays to treatment initiation were excluded. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1978 references, of which 1475 unique references remained after removal of duplicates and 28 articles published pre-1990. After title and abstract sifting, 64 papers underwent full text review. None of these articles fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the review. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst there is an inherent logic in the theory that treatment delay will lead to poorer treatment outcomes, no published evidence was identified in this systematic review to support this hypothesis. Reports of programmatic changes leading to reductions in treatment delay exist in the literature, but attribution of differences in outcomes specifically to treatment delay is confounded by other contemporaneous changes. Further primary research on this question is not considered a high priority use of limited resources, though where data are available, improved reporting of outcomes by time to treatment should be encouraged

Factive and nonfactive mental state attribution

Factive mental states, such as knowing or being aware, can only link an agent to the truth; by contrast, nonfactive states, such as believing or thinking, can link an agent to either truths or falsehoods. Researchers of mental state attribution often draw a sharp line between the capacity to attribute accurate states of mind and the capacity to attribute inaccurate or “reality-incongruent” states of mind, such as false belief. This article argues that the contrast that really matters for mental state attribution does not divide accurate from inaccurate states, but factive from nonfactive ones

Validité de la Technique d’alignement automatique en Traduction Assistée par Ordinateur (TAO): Cas de Wordfast Aligner

Les outils d’alignement automatique en traduction assistée par ordinateur (TAO) continuent de présenter des limites. Cet article a pour principal but d’évaluer la technique de l’alignement automatique de Wordfast Aligner. Cette étude vise à identifier les lacunes dans les segments du TC au moyen d’une description comparée avec les segments du TS, à évaluer le pourcentage du rendu en nous servant de l’évaluation automatique de Wordfast Aligner, à identifier et évaluer l’algorithme utilisé dans Wordfast Aligner dans la segmentation, et à étudier la qualité de l’alignement produit par Wordfast Aligner et voir si cela est valable dans un cadre général. Quatre hypothèses sont émises dans cette recherche. La première stipule que les lacunes existant dans les segments du TC dans un bi-texte produit automatiquement dans Wordfast Aligner sont identifiables suivant une analogie cognitive. La deuxième postule que l’outil Wordfast Aligner rend tout le sens des segments du TS dans les segments du TC. La troisième stipule que l’algorithme d’alignement automatique utilisé dans Wordfast Aligner est valide. Et la quatrième postule que la technique de l’alignement automatique dans Wordfast Aligner ne bâtit pas une MT optimale. Il ressort de l’analyse de 50 segments pertinents que les lacunes se trouvant dans les segments du TC en rapport avec les segments du TS sont de quatre (4) catégories : des lacunes provenant d’une mauvaise segmentation (2%), des lacunes provenant d’une sur-traduction (16%), des lacunes provenant d’une sous-traduction (64%), des segments avec zéro (0) lacune (18%). Ces résultats montrent également que l’outil Wordfast Aligner, en effectuant l’alignement automatique, ne rend pas toujours tout le sens du segment du texte source. La moyenne générale du rendu par Wordfast Aligner est de 69,68% ≈ 70%, ce qui est acceptable, mais pas optimale. ABSTRACT Machine alignment tools in computer-assisted translation (CAT) continue to have limitations. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the Wordfast Aligner machine alignment technique. This study aims to identify gaps in TT segments by means of a comparative description with ST segments, to evaluate the percentage of rendering using Wordfast Aligner's automatic evaluation, to identify and evaluate the algorithm used in Wordfast Aligner in the segmentation, and to study the quality of the alignment produced by Wordfast Aligner and see if this is valid in a general setting. Four hypotheses are put forward in this research. The first states that gaps in the TT segments in a bi-text automatically produced in Wordfast Aligner are identifiable by a cognitive analogy. The second postulates that the Wordfast Aligner tool renders all the meaning of the ST segments into the TT segments. The third hypothesis states that the automatic alignment algorithm used in Wordfast Aligner is valid. And the fourth hypothesis postulates that the automatic alignment technique in Wordfast Aligner does not build an optimal TM. The analysis of 50 relevant segments shows that the gaps found in the TT segments in relation to the ST segments fall into four (4) categories: gaps due to poor segmentation (2%), gaps due to over-translation (16%), gaps due to under-translation (64%), segments with zero (0) gaps (18%). These results also show that the Wordfast Aligner tool, when performing automatic alignment, does not always render the full meaning of the source text segment. The overall average rendering by Wordfast Aligner is 69.68% ≈ 70%, which is acceptable, but not optimal

Educação e inserção no mercado de trabalho: um estudo a partir da intermediação de emprego

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em EducaçãoEste trabalho investiga a inserção profissional nos anos 90, a partir de um estudo comparativo de agências de intermediação de mão-de-obra. Procura analisar qual a influência da escolaridade e de outras variáveis na aprovação ou reprovação dos candidatos ao emprego. Analisa, também, as recentes políticas de recrutamento e seleção de pessoal. A pesquisa realizou-se em três agências de emprego na cidade de Florianópolis. Surpreende o fato de sobrarem vagas ofertadas e não ocupadas, apesar do grande volume de candidatos encaminhados, especialmente pela agência pública, em pleno contexto de desemprego crescente. O baixo aproveitamento das vagas ofertadas tem sido justificado, pelo governo Federal e Estadual, como conseqüência do insuficiente nível de educação formal e qualificação profissional dos trabalhadores desempregados. Apóia-se na retórica da "empregabilidade" que vem norteando as políticas públicas de emprego e de educação no Brasil. Esse discurso oculta que os processos de recrutamento e seleção de pessoal levam em conta outros requisitos que não são desenvolvidos no sistema escolar nem em cursos de formação profissional, posto que são atributos de classe

A IMPORTANCIA DA ORIENTAÇÃO E INFORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NO ENSINO MÉDIO

Este trabalho objetiva relatar e refletir sobre a importância de algumas experiências usualmente praticadas em Orientação Profissional, baseadas, especialmente, pela Informação Profissional na trajetória do vestibulando. A experiência foi realizada na última turma do último ano do ensino médio propedêutico, do Instituto Federal de São José/SC – IF-SC. Este relato pretende descrever as expectativas dos vestibulandos em relação à Orientação Profissional, bem como mostrar o impacto desta experiência na vida destes adolescentes, nos seus processos de decisão e projetos de vida. O projeto baseou-se, principalmente, na vivência de jogos sobre profissões e informações sobre o mundo do trabalho. A sistematização das informações e experiências podem contribuir para estudos e ações que envolvam a Orientação profissional e Informação profissional no contexto do ensino médio

ORIENTAÇÃO E INFORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL NO ENSINO MÉDIO: UM PROJETO NECESSÁRIO

Este relato pretende descrever as expectativas dos vestibulandos em relação à Orientação Profissional, bem como mostrar o impacto desta experiência na vida destes adolescentes, nos seus processos de decisão e projetos de vida. O projeto baseou-se, principalmente, na vivência de jogos sobre profissões e informações sobre o mundo do trabalho. A sistematização das informações e experiências pode contribuir para estudos e ações que envolvam a Orientação profissional e Informação profissional no contexto do ensino médio

Les programmes coordonnés de mobilisation des bois : P.C.M.B. et leur volet formation, un cas particulier d'application : l'I.V.A.F.

International audienc

Trivalent conditionals, Kratzer style

This paper extends a trivalent semantics for indicative conditionals to a language including the modal operators "might" and "must". Specifically, we combine Cooper's (1968) truth-functional, trivalent analysis of the conditional connective with Kratzer's (1986, 2012) idea that if-clauses restrict modal operators. By hard-wiring both trivalence and the restriction operation into the truth conditions of conditional-modal expressions, we obtain an attractive theory that yields plausible predictions for the interaction of conditionals and modals, explains the intuitive appeal of the Restrictor View and avoids the typical problems of Kratzer-style accounts, especially regarding the probability of conditional-modal expressions

Trivalent Semantics for Conditional Obligations

This paper provides a new framework for formalizing conditional obligations in natural language: it pairs a unary deontic operator with trivalent semantics for the indicative conditional and Kratzer's idea that the antecedents of conditionals restrict the scope of modals in the consequent. Combining these three ideas, we obtain a fully compositional theory of "if" and "ought'" that validates plausible principles for deontic reasoning. Moreover, it resolves classical challenges such as the "if A then ought A" problem, the paradox of the miners and the modeling of contrary-to-duty obligations (e.g., Chisholm's quartet). All in all, our proposal is attractive from a logical point of view and squares well with general theories of natural language reasoning