The association between family and community social capital and health risk behaviours in young people: an integrative review

Background: Health risk behaviours known to result in poorer outcomes in adulthood are generally established in late childhood and adolescence. These ‘risky’ behaviours include smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use and sexual risk taking. While the role of social capital in the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people has been explored, to date, no attempt has been made to consolidate the evidence in the form of a review. Thus, this integrative review was undertaken to identify and synthesise research findings on the role and impact of family and community social capital on health risk behaviours in young people and provide a consolidated evidence base to inform multi-sectorial policy and practice.<p></p> Methods: Key electronic databases were searched (i.e. ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts) for relevant studies and this was complemented by hand searching. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied and data was extracted from the included studies. Heterogeneity in study design and the outcomes assessed precluded meta-analysis/meta-synthesis; the results are therefore presented in narrative form.<p></p> Results: Thirty-four papers satisfied the review inclusion criteria; most were cross-sectional surveys. The majority of the studies were conducted in North America (n=25), with three being conducted in the UK. Sample sizes ranged from 61 to 98,340. The synthesised evidence demonstrates that social capital is an important construct for understanding the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people. The different elements of family and community social capital varied in terms of their saliency within each behavioural domain, with positive parent–child relations, parental monitoring, religiosity and school quality being particularly important in reducing risk.<p></p> Conclusions: This review is the first to systematically synthesise research findings about the association between social capital and health risk behaviours in young people. While providing evidence that may inform the development of interventions framed around social capital, the review also highlights key areas where further research is required to provide a fuller account of the nature and role of social capital in influencing the uptake of health risk behaviours.<p></p&gt

Promoting well-being and desistance through sport and physical activity:The opportunities and barriers experienced by women in prison

Despite an increased focus on the benefits of participation in sport and physical activity for men in custody, little attention has been paid to its potential role in meeting the specific needs of female prisoners. Qualitative data from female offenders (n¼45) within the English prison estate illustrated that, despite low levels of participation, prison-based sport and physical activities have clear physical and psychological benefits and can be valuable in promoting desistance from crime. Institutional barriers to participation, such as in the provision of activities and the prison regime, coupled with gendered barriers, such as self-presentational and motivational concerns, are identified and explored. Findings are discussed in the context of existing policy and principles of bestpractice

Problem Behavior in Children of Chronically Ill Parents: A Meta-Analysis

The aim of this meta-analysis is to examine whether children of chronically ill parents differ from norm groups in problem behavior. We report moderator effects and overall effect sizes for internalizing, externalizing and total problem behavior assessed by children and parents. In fixed effect models, we found a significant overall effect size for internalizing problem behavior (number of studies k = 19, total sample size N = 1,858, Cohen’s d = .23, p < .01) and externalizing problem behavior (k = 13, N = 1,525, d = .09, p < .01) but not for total problem behavior (k = 7; N = 896). Effects for internalizing and externalizing problem behavior were larger in non-cancer studies, in samples including younger children and younger ill parents, in samples defined by low average SES and in studies including parents with longer illness duration. In addition, effects for externalizing problem behavior were larger in studies characterized by a higher percentage of ill mothers and single parents. With exclusive self-report, effect sizes were significant for all problem behaviors. Based on these results, a family-centered approach in health care is recommended

Effects of atrial natriuretic factor on cyclic nucleotides in rabbit proximal tubule.

Atrial natriuretic factor induces renal sodium excretion by several mechanisms, including inhibition of angiotensin II-stimulated sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule. In most tissues, the action of atrial natriuretic factor involves generation of the intracellular second messenger, cyclic GMP, but in the proximal tubule the presence of this signal transduction pathway has remained controversial. We used intrarenal arterial infusion of iron oxide followed by enzymatic dispersion and magnetic separation to obtain suspensions of rabbit kidney cortex enriched with either glomeruli or proximal tubules. When suspensions enriched with proximal tubules or preparations of microdissected proximal tubules were incubated with atrial natriuretic factor (1 mumol/L), cyclic GMP concentrations increased significantly. Addition of angiotensin II (1 mumol/L) together with atrial natriuretic factor had no significant effect on the stimulation of cyclic GMP accumulation observed with atrial natriuretic factor alone. Neither atrial natriuretic factor nor angiotensin II altered intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP in tubule-enriched suspensions or microdissected tubules. We conclude that cyclic GMP acts as a second messenger for atrial natriuretic factor in rabbit proximal tubule. However, we found no evidence to support the view that alterations in intracellular cyclic AMP levels are involved in the proximal tubular actions of angiotensin II and have not been able to demonstrate that interactions between cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP underlie the antagonistic effect of atrial natriuretic factor on angiotensin II-stimulated proximal sodium transport.</jats:p