Interpretations of beginning : narration and doctrine

Readings of the story of creation in the book of genesis ordinarily focus upon referentiality; they paraphrase and explicate what the text tells us about how the world came into being. Even literary approaches, which attend to the way that the formal properties of the text engender meaning, still seek the world behind the words. We might, however, ask an additional question: can we learn anything from the language of the story of creation about the creation of language itself? We note, first of all, that language of Genesis does not only describe the creative act, but actually the tool of creation. Interspersed within the narrating voice, are the direct quotations of the divine speech which brought things into being. In terms of modern Speech Act Theory, those quotations would be classed as supernatural . declaratives. When G — d says: „Let there be light", there is as yet no world to which these words can refer; only at their utterance does light come into existence. Unlike other sorts of speech acts which seek, without ever fully succeding, to make the word fit the world (assertives), or the world fit the word (directives and commissives), declaratives actually close the gap between language and a state of affairs in the world. They can do this because they function within a closed system of extra-linguistic constitutive rules which endow them with this definitive power. For instance, the court is indeed open once the properly appointed official pronounces the words designated by the judiciary institution. The reason this works is that a social or ritual definition hs become accepted as itself a reality. According to Searle, extra-linguistic support of this sort can be dispensed with only in meta-linguistic and supernatural declaratives. Meta-linguistic declaratives are not dependent upon extra-linguistic constitutive rules because they function only within the linguistic system; they bring about a change in the language, not in the world. We may agree to use language in a certain way for purely formal reasons which make no appeal to reality. Supernatural declarations, in the other hand, bear a direct relationship to reality; they make it! From Searle's examples we learn that the supernatural declarations that he has in mind are those world-creating pronouncements which open the Book of Genesis. Their language does not refer to a pre-existing state of affairs, but brings some state of affairs into existence. In this sense, supernatural declarations are also definitive; they put in place a world to which language can refer. It would thus appear to be inevitable that the supernatural declarations of Genesis create a world which fully conforms to G — d's world-making word; no source of distance between word and world is apparent. When G — d says: „Let there be light", the coming into existence of light coincides with the utterance. Man, too, seems to have been created by the same sort of declaration, but a close examination of its language reveals several differential features. Until the sixth day of creation all of the divine declarations follow a similar grammatical pattern: the creatures are fully defined by their stated function. The creation of man, however, is accomplished through a declaration which foregrounds, both grammatically and semantically, the play of dimilarities and differences characteristics of human language. While the Speech Act: „Let us make man in our image after our likeness", which brings the creature into existence declaratively, as in all the other cases, it also introduces new grammatical distinctions. The first person speaking subject entails the categories of second and third person upon which subject/object relations are posited, and the syntax and semantics of the phrase „in our image, after our likeness" suggests comparison, that is similarity and relatedness rather than identity. The language, then, which creates man simultaneously makes evident the way that man, the only creature who shares language with G — d, will function. It is perhaps significant that the Book of Genesis is silent about the creation of speech. We suggest, that the way language functions in the creation story, enacts the evolution of human language itself. Furthermore, there is a rationale for enacting rather than explicating the human linguistic faculty. An analysis of Adam's naming of the animals in the Garden of Eden exemplifies the conditions of man's freedom in respect to G — d and the world. Any attempt to speak definitively about these aspects of human speech would be a pretense that words can be adequate to reality, it is only language's acting out of its function, rather than an assertion of its essence which can provide a figure for that which differentiates man both from the other creatures and from his creator. The Jewish hermeneutic tradition has always given high priority to language, has indeed imagined it as prior to all other aspects of reality. In this paper, we shall show how midrashic readings of the first chapters of the Book of Genesis reflect upon the role of man through the figure of a speaking creature, and through the figures of speech of the primary text

Studies on the roles of livestock reservoirs in the epidemic of trypanosomosis and piroplasmosis

帯広畜産大学博士（畜産衛生学）2020application/pdf博士学位論文 大学院畜産学研究科 畜産衛生学専攻 Doctoral Program in Animal and Food Hygienedoctoral thesi

Unilateral interactions in granular packings: A model for the anisotropy modulus

Unilateral interparticle interactions have an effect on the elastic response of granular materials due to the opening and closing of contacts during quasi-static shear deformations. A simplified model is presented, for which constitutive relations can be derived. For biaxial deformations the elastic behavior in this model involves three independent elastic moduli: bulk, shear, and anisotropy modulus. The bulk and the shear modulus, when scaled by the contact density, are independent of the deformation. However, the magnitude of the anisotropy modulus is proportional to the ratio between shear and volumetric strain. Sufficiently far from the jamming transition, when corrections due to non-affine motion become weak, the theoretical predictions are qualitatively in agreement with simulation results.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

The closest elastic tensor of arbitrary symmetry to an elasticity tensor of lower symmetry

The closest tensors of higher symmetry classes are derived in explicit form for a given elasticity tensor of arbitrary symmetry. The mathematical problem is to minimize the elastic length or distance between the given tensor and the closest elasticity tensor of the specified symmetry. Solutions are presented for three distance functions, with particular attention to the Riemannian and log-Euclidean distances. These yield solutions that are invariant under inversion, i.e., the same whether elastic stiffness or compliance are considered. The Frobenius distance function, which corresponds to common notions of Euclidean length, is not invariant although it is simple to apply using projection operators. A complete description of the Euclidean projection method is presented. The three metrics are considered at a level of detail far greater than heretofore, as we develop the general framework to best fit a given set of moduli onto higher elastic symmetries. The procedures for finding the closest elasticity tensor are illustrated by application to a set of 21 moduli with no underlying symmetry.Comment: 48 pages, 1 figur

Nested Diffusion Processes for Anytime Image Generation

Diffusion models are the current state-of-the-art in image generation, synthesizing high-quality images by breaking down the generation process into many fine-grained denoising steps. Despite their good performance, diffusion models are computationally expensive, requiring many neural function evaluations (NFEs). In this work, we propose an anytime diffusion-based method that can generate viable images when stopped at arbitrary times before completion. Using existing pretrained diffusion models, we show that the generation scheme can be recomposed as two nested diffusion processes, enabling fast iterative refinement of a generated image. We use this Nested Diffusion approach to peek into the generation process and enable flexible scheduling based on the instantaneous preference of the user. In experiments on ImageNet and Stable Diffusion-based text-to-image generation, we show, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that our method's intermediate generation quality greatly exceeds that of the original diffusion model, while the final slow generation result remains comparable

GSURE-Based Diffusion Model Training with Corrupted Data

Diffusion models have demonstrated impressive results in both data generation and downstream tasks such as inverse problems, text-based editing, classification, and more. However, training such models usually requires large amounts of clean signals which are often difficult or impossible to obtain. In this work, we propose a novel training technique for generative diffusion models based only on corrupted data. We introduce a loss function based on the Generalized Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimator (GSURE), and prove that under some conditions, it is equivalent to the training objective used in fully supervised diffusion models. We demonstrate our technique on face images as well as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), where the use of undersampled data significantly alleviates data collection costs. Our approach achieves generative performance comparable to its fully supervised counterpart without training on any clean signals. In addition, we deploy the resulting diffusion model in various downstream tasks beyond the degradation present in the training set, showcasing promising results.Comment: Code: https://github.com/bahjat-kawar/gsure-diffusio

A TIDAL FLOW MODEL OF THE WESTERN COAST OF LIBYA

This paper presents the hydrodynamics on the western coast of Libya. The investigated area, which is a part of the Mediterranean Sea, is one of the most critical and active coastal region in the country. A 2Dh process-based model for flow based on the Delft3D modelling system from Deltares is constructed for the study area. Extensive field data concerning the tidal constituents were used. The flow model that is necessary to understand the hydrodynamics of the area was calibrated and validated using the field measurements. In this paper, only the water levels and tidal components for the astronomical tide are presented. Calibration and validation of the numerical flow model show that the results of the water level represent the field conditions well. The present study gives insight into the basic hydrodynamic processes of the investigated area. It should help designers and the decision-makers maintain the region for any other economic and social activities. The flow model for the investigated area can be also coupled with any other models like wave, sediment transport, morphodynamic and water quality. &nbsp

A nosocomial transmission of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever to an attending physician in north kordufan, Sudan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a tick-borne disease caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a member of the genus Nairovirus in the family Bunyaviridae. Recently, CCHFV has been reported as an important emerging infectious viral pathogen in Sudan. Sporadic cases and multiple CCHF outbreaks, associated with nosocomial chain of transmission, have been reported in the Kordufan region of Sudan.</p> <p>Aims</p> <p>To confirm CCHF in an index patient and attending physician in North Kordufan region, Sudan, and to provide some information on virus genetic lineages.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Antibody captured ELISA, reverse transcription PCR, partial S segment sequences of the virus and subsequent phylogenetic analysis were used to confirm the CCHFV infection and to determine the virus genetic lineages.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CCHF was confirmed by monitoring specific IgM antibody and by detection of the viral genome using RT-PCR. Treatment with oral ribavirin, replacement with fluid therapy, blood transfusion and administration of platelets concentrate resulted in rapid improvement of the health condition of the female physician. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial S segment sequences of the 2 CCHFV indicates that both strains are identical and belong to Group III virus lineage, which includes viruses from Africa including, Sudan, Mauritania, South Africa and Nigeria.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Further epidemiologic studies including, CCHFV complete genome analysis and implementation of improved surveillance are urgently needed to better predict and respond to CCHF outbreaks in the Kordufan region, Sudan.</p

Model of Electrostatic Actuated Deformable Mirror Using Strongly Coupled Electro-Mechanical Finite Element

The aim of this paper is to deal with multi-physics simulation of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based on an advanced numerical methodology. MEMS are very small devices in which electric as well as mechanical and fluid phenomena appear and interact. Because of their microscopic scale, strong coupling effects arise between the different physical fields, and some forces, which were negligible at macroscopic scale, have to be taken into account. In order to accurately design such micro-electro-mechanical systems, it is of primary importance to be able to handle the strong coupling between the electric and the mechanical fields. In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is used to model the strong coupled electro-mechanical interactions and to perform static and transient analyses taking into account large mesh displacements. These analyses will be used to study the behaviour of electrostatically actuated micro-mirrors.Comment: Submitted on behalf of TIMA Editions (http://irevues.inist.fr/tima-editions