Topraktan izole edilen bacillus sp. suşlarının lipid üretim kapasitelerinin taranması ve farklı boyama teknikleri ile lipid boyama

Microbial lipids have been attracting more and more attention in recent years as promising raw materials for the production of biodiesel and value-added compounds. In the current economic and environmental situation, finding new renewable sources of lipids will be crucial. Recent research has necessitated the search for new efficient microbial producers with lipid production efficiency. For this purpose,50 Bacillus sp. strains previously isolated from the soil were screened for their lipid production capacity. As a result of the production using a single-cell oil production medium, only two Bacillus spp. strains showed growth. These bacteria were named as Bacillus sp. E40 and Bacillus sp. E226. Bacteria were then characterized in terms of their biomass, lipid yields, and lipid contents. The biomass of Bacillus sp. E40 and E226 bacterial isolates, were 0,28 and 0,22 g.L-1 , respectively. The highest lipid content was reached by E226 with 54.5%. Bacillus sp. E40 lipid content was determined as 46.4%. In addition, both intracellular lipid staining and colony staining demonstrated the presence of lipids. With this study, it was reported for the first time that local Bacillus sp. strains isolated from soil have lipid producing capacity.Mikrobiyal lipitler, biyodizel ve katma değerli bileşiklerin üretimi için umut verici hammaddeler olarak son yıllarda giderek daha fazla dikkat çekmektedir. Mevcut ekonomik ve çevresel durumda, yeni yenilenebilir lipit kaynakları bulmak çok önemli olacaktır. Son araştırmalar, lipit üretim verimliliğine sahip yeni verimli mikrobiyal üreticilerin araştırılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Bu amaçla daha önce topraktan izole edilen 50 Bacillus sp. suşu lipid üretme kapasiteleri açısından taranmıştır. Tek hücreli yağ üretimi ortamında yapılan üretim sonucunda bu bakterilerden sadece iki Bacillus sp. suşları üreme göstermiştir. Bu bakterilerden sadece 2 Bacillus sp. suşu tek hücreli yağ üretimi ortamında üremiştir. Bu bakteriler Bacillussp.E40 ve Bacillussp. E226 olarak adlandırıldı. Bakteriler daha sonra biyokütleleri, lipid verimleri ve lipid içerikleri açısından karakterize edildi. Bacillus sp. E40 ve E226 bakteri izolatlarının biyokütlesi sırasıyla, 0,28 ve 0,22 g.L-1 idi. En yüksek lipid içeriğine %54.5 ile E226'da ulaşılmıştır. Bacillus sp. E40 lipid içeriği %46.4 olarak belirlendi. Ek olarak, lipid varlığı hem hücre içi lipid boyama hem de koloni boyama ile gösterilmiştir Bu çalışma ile topraktan izole edilen yerel Bacillus sp. suşlarının lipit üretme kapasitesine sahip olduğu ilk kez rapor edilmiştir

Immobilization of Bacillus Subtilis E6-5 Protease and Commercial Protease in Nanofibrils Containing Different Amino Acids

DergiPark: 633788trkjnatBu çalışmada, elektrospin yöntemiyle yüksek yüzey alanına sahip, glisin, tirozin ve glutamik asit aminoasitleri ile oluşturulmuş poliamid 6 polimer yüzeyler üretilmiş ve liyofilize Bacillus subtilis E6-5 proteaz ve ticari proteaz enzimleri nanofibriller üzerinde immobilize edilmiştir. Enzimlerin yeniden kullanılabilirliği araştırıldı. Enzimlerin immobilizasyon verimlilikleri yaklaşık olarak % 50-55 arasındaydı. Liyofilize Bacillus proteazı ile yapılan çalışmalarda glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanolifler ve glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmeyen PA6 nanoliflerde glutamik asit aminoasidi varlığında immobilizasyonun daha başarılı olduğu saptanmıştır. Glutaraldehit ile aktifleştirilmemiş ve aktifleştirilmiş yüzeylerde immobilize edilen liyofilize proteaz enziminin 4 kez kullanımı olmasına rağmen, en iyi işlevsel stabilite 2 kez kullanım ile elde edilmiştir. Saf PA6/glutamik asit nanoliflerinde iki tekrarlı kullanım sonucu enzimin immobilizasyon verimi % 38 olarak bulunmuştur. Glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanoliflerde de PA6/glutamik asit nanolif yüzeyleri iki tekrarlı kullanım sonucu enzimin immobilizasyon verimi % 65 olarak bulunmuştur. Nanoliflerin glutaraldehitle aktifleştirmesi sonucu enzim immobilizasyon verimi iki kat arttırılmıştır. Ticari proteaz ile yapılan çalışmalarda ise glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmemiş nanolif yüzeylerde enzimin 6 kez kullanımı olmasına rağmen en işlevsel stabilite 3 tekrarlı kullanımda elde edilmiştir. En başarılı immobilizasyon verimi PA6 nanoliflerde % 58 olarak bulunmuştur. Glutaraldehitle aktifleştirilmiş PA6 nanoliflerde de enzim 6 kez kullanım bulmuş fakat işlevsel stabilite 4 tekrarlı kullanıma kadar korunmuştur.In this study, polyamide 6 polymer surfaces that have a high surface area were produced by electrospinning method with the participation of Glycine, Tyrosine and Glutamic acid amino acids, and lyophilized Bacillus subtilis E6-5 protease and commercial protease enzymes were immobilized on nanofibrils. Enzyme reusability were investigated. The immobilization efficiencies of the enzymes were approximately between 50-55 %. In studies with lyophilized Bacillus protease, glutaraldehyde activated PA6 nanofibrils and glutaraldehyde unactivated PA6 nanofibrils were found to be more immobilized in the presence of Glutamic acid. Although the lyophilized protease enzyme immobilized on non-glutaraldehyde activated and activated surfaces has been used 4 times, the best functional stability has been achieved with 2 times use. In pure PA6/Glutamic acid nanofibrils, the immobilization yield of the two times used enzymes was found to be 38 %. In glutaraldehyde-activated PA6 nanofibrils, the PA6/Glutamic acid nanofibril surfaces were found to have 65 % immobilization yield of the two repetitive used enzymes. The enzyme immobilization efficiency has been doubled by glutaraldehyde activation of the nanofibrils. In studies with commercial protease, the most functional stability was obtained for 3 repeated uses, although the enzyme was used 6 times on the non-glutaraldehyde activated nanofibril surfaces. The most successful immobilization was found in 58 % of PA6 nanofibrils. In glutaraldehyde-activated PA6 nanofibrils, the enzyme was found to be used 6 times, but the functional stability was maintained as much as 4 times of repeated use

Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and motilities by human serum paraoxonase (hPON1)

Human serum paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) which hydrolyzes Pseudomonas aeruginosa acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signal molecules was used as antibiofilm agent. hPON1 was purified by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and specially designed hydrophobic interaction chromatography (Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine-1-Naphthylamine) from the fresh human serum. As cell motility of swarming, swimming and twitching are proven instrumental in biofilm formation, we investigated whether or not hPON1 affected the P. aeruginosa motility. hPON1 was reduced the early stage of biofilm formation, mature biofilm and motilities. The early stage and old biofilm were decreased more than 50% by 1 mg ml–1 of hPON1 concentration within range of 0.1–10 mg ml–1. Additionally, exopolymeric substance (EPS) of mature biofilm was indirectly decreased by hPON1. Inhibitory effect of hPON1 within range of 0.003–30 mg ml–1 on swarming and swimming motilities. But it resulted in highly inhibitory effects on twitching motility at concentration as low as 0.3 mg ml–1 concentration. This study proved that hPON1 alone can be safely used to inhibit/disrupt the mature biofilms and cell motility of P. aeruginosa and beholds much promise in clinical applications

Evaluation of the effects of temperature, light, and UV-C radiation on HSP70A expression in chlamydomonas reinhardtii

In this study, various physical parameters (temperature, light intensity and UV-C radiation) which could be effective in heat shock response on C.reinhardtii by using molecular tools were investigated. In total, 256 transformants were obtained, among them, 160 transformants had continuous expression while 96 of them had heat-inducible expression. In these transformants, arylsulfatase activities were detected qualitatively and quantitatively. The best two transformants were selected and used in studies. To determine the effect of temperature, the cells were shifted from 23 degrees C to 35 degrees C, 37 degrees C, 40 degrees C and 42 degrees C. The heat shock response was induced at all temperatures. In investigating the effect of light intensity, 0, 14, 28, 70, 140 mu mol E.m(-2)s(-1) were used. It was found that the light intensity of 28 mu mol E.m(-2)s(-1) and above increased ARS activity. On the other hand, ultraviolet C radiation application was carried out for periods of 2, 6 and 12 h, and no significant change in ARS activity was observed. In order to compare the selected arylsulfatase activity results in the study, real-time polymerase chain reaction trials were conducted at the transcript level, and parallel results were obtained. As a result of the study, it was determined that the heat shock response was triggered by temperature and light intensity. These might be also important for plant stress and ecological studies

The effect of growth parameters on the antibiotic activity and sporulation in bacillus spp. isolated from soil

Fifty-two Bacillus strains, which were isolated from different soil samples, were screened for antibiotic properties. The Bacillus strains were checked for antibacterial properties by the cross-streak method against 5 test pathogens, and 25 Bacillus strains had an effect on the test microorganisms. One strain of Bacillus, which exhibited the largest inhibition zone (25 mm) against Shigella sonnei, was named Bacillus sp. EA62. The antibacterial activity from Bacillus sp. EA62 was tested in six different culture media against Shigella sonnei using the agar well diffusion method. The best activity medium was selected and used for further studies. The influence of the incubation period, pH, and different glucose and nitrogen concentrations on the antibacterial activity was studied. The optimal conditions for the strongest antibiotic activity were found to be 72 hours (18 mm), pH 7.5 (23 mm), 3% glucose (25 mm), and 0.3% nitrogen concentration (23 mm). Additionally, the relationship between the antibiotic activity and sporulation was investigated. Accordingly, it was determined that the increase of the activity paralleled sporulation

Medya Etiği ve Medya Okuryazarlığı Eğitimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Medyanın etki gücünün doğru kavranması ve yönetilmesi kapsamında medya etiğikavramının anlaşılması önemlidir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle medya etiği kavramı farklı yönleriyleele alınarak bu konuda bireylerin bakış açısı geliştirmelerine ve farkındalıklarının artırılmasınakatkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda medya etiği kavramı; medyanın işlevi ve etkilemegücü, medya etiği, medya etiğinin tarihsel gelişimi ve medya özdenetim sistemleri başlıklarıaltında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada daha sonra medya etiği ve medya okuryazarlığı eğitimi arasındakiilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Medya okuryazarlığı eğitiminin hem yetişkinler hem de çocuklariçin eleştirel farkındalık kazanma, bilinçli vatandaş olma ve medyayı etkin kullanma gibi birçokkonudaki yararı ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca medya okuryazarlığıeğitiminin başarıya ulaşmasında ve çocukların bu eğitimden en üst düzeyde yararlanmalarındaöğretmenlerin konuya ilişkin tutum ve yeterliklerinin belirleyici olduğu vurgulanmıştır.It is important to understand the concept of media ethics within the scope of properunderstanding and managing the power of media influence. First of all, the concept of mediaethics was handled with different aspects in this study and it was aimed to contribute to thedevelopment of individuals’ perspectives and increase their awareness of this subject. In this regard,the concept of media ethics was discussed under the headings such as function and influence ofmedia, media ethics, the historical development of media ethics, and media self-regulation systems.The study then focused on the relationship between media ethics and media literacy education.The benefits of media literacy education for both adults and children on many issues such asacquiring a critical consciousness, becoming a mindful citizen and using the media effectivelywere discussed in the light of the relevant literature. It was also emphasized in the study that theattitudes and competencies of teachers on the subject were determinative in the success of medialiteracy education and the maximum benefit of children from this education.</p