Sex allocation and reproductive success in the andromonoecious perennial, Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). II. paternity and functional gender

The work was supported by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement grant (DEB‐9411513), by the Society for Sigma Xi, and by a Hutcheson Memorial Forest grant.According to Bateman's principle, male fitness in entomophilous plant species should be limited by mating opportunity, which is influenced by the size or number of flowers. We determined male-specific fitness consequences of floral phenotype in andromonoecious Solanum carolinense, examined the relationship between male and female reproductive success within plants, and evaluated the distribution of functional gender among plants. A maximum likelihood-based paternity analysis, based on multilocus allozyme phenotypes of parents and offspring from four experimental plots, was used to determine male reproductive success and its relationship to floral phenotype. Male success was enhanced by an increase in the proportion of male flowers produced but not by an increase in total flower number, even though all flowers contain male parts. Larger flower size increased male success in only one plot. Male and female reproductive success were negatively correlated, and plants varied in functional gender from completely female to completely male. This gender specialization may occur because hermaphroditic and male flowers differ in their ability to contribute to male and female success. Although sex allocation theory predicts a positive relationship between the size or number of plant parts and reproductive success, this study indicates that aspects of floral morphology that affect gender specialization should also be considered.Peer reviewe

Introduction to multivariate statistics for field ornithologists : principal component analysis, discriminant analysis and cluster analysis

Diese praxisbezogene Einführung stellt Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes multivariater statistischer Verfahren in der Feldornithologie vor. Hauptkomponentenanalyse, Diskriminanzanalyse und Clusteranalyse gehören zu den wichtigsten multivariaten Verfahren in der ökologischen Forschung. Dieser Artikel liefert die theoretischen Grundlagen und ist gleichzeitig eine Orientierungshilfe für die Anwendung dieser Verfahren. Außerdem werden für jedes Verfahren Indikatoren für die Qualität der Analyse sowie Möglichkeiten der Interpretation diskutiert und anhand eines Fallbeispiels demonstriert.This practically oriented introduction deals with potentialities and limitations of the use of multivariate statistics in field ornithology. Principal Component Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and Cluster Analysis belong to the most important multivariate statistical techniques in ecological research. This paper introduces the theoretical basics and also offers guidance on the application of these techniques. Furthermore, indicators of the quality of analysis and possibilities of interpretation are discussed for each technique and demonstrated on the basis of an empirical example

Organic food consumption - between the market, everydaylife and visions of a sustainable food culture

The paper will shortly present some of the conclusions from my Ph.D. dissertation “Or-ganic Food Consumption between the Market, Everyday Life and Vision of a Sustainable Food Culture” (2006). I will discuss how to develop the organic food consumption in a sustainable direc-tion and how to understand food consumption as part of everyday life and the food culture in gen-eral

Camera a miroir giratoire muni d'une optique interchangeable

A rotating mirror camera constructed from simple components is described, which can be adapted to the dimensions of the process to be filmed by interchanging the optical equipment in front of the rotating mirror. Frequeney range; 20,000-300,000 i/s., image scale between 1 : 10 and 5 : 1.On decrit ici une camera a miroir giratoire, construite a partir d'e1ements simples, et susceptible de s'adapter a l'ordre de grandeur du phenomene a photographier; il suffit de changer la partie de l' optique placee devant le miroir giratoire. Domaine de frequences; de 20000 a 300000 i/s; echelle de reproduction situee entre 1 : 10 et 5 : 1

The European GreenLightProgramme: 2011: Evaluation

This report analyses the results of the GreenLight programme during year 2011. It calculated to total annual energy savings, the type of projects implemented in terms of technologies, buildings, comapnies and pya back times.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ