Renewable energy - new forces in global ethanol trade?

The paper presents an extended gravity equation application for the global trade with ethanol. The background and different attempts for a theoretical foundation of the standard approach are discussed. The econometric work takes regional integration schemes into account, as well as the influence of the production factor agricultural land and the level of oil prices on the world market. Results indicate that global bilateral trade flows of ethanol can be explained by a set of comprehensive explanatory variables, including regional agreements and the price level of oil. From a global perspective the EU effect on trade flows is trade diverting as the regional agreement reduces the linkage to world markets and increases the intra-regional level of trade with ethanol. The analysis over time however indicates that the decoupling of the EU ethanol market from the world market is decreasing, potentially reflecting demand increases within the EU.gravity equation, bilateral trade flows, trade with renewable energy, biofuels, and econometric estimation, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Study of serum levels of insulin-like growth factor -1, insulin - like growth factor bunding protein -1 and -3, prealbumin and aminoterminal propetide of type -1 procollagen in infants and children with protein energy malnutrition

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a range of pathological conditions arising from coincident deficiency of proteins and calories in varying proportions occurring mostly in infants and young children. According to Welcome classification, PEM is classified into mild form (underweight) and severe form (marasmus, kwashiorkor or marasmic kwashiorkor) (Wellcome, 1970). The assessment of nutritional condition may be done through clinical examination, anthropometric measures or biochemical tests. The insulin-like growth factors (IGFS), are defined as polypeptide growth factors secreted by the liver and other tissues in response to stimulation by growth hormone (GH) (Guyton, 1996). In humans, there are two main forms of IGFS: Irsulin-like growth foctor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth foctor-11 (IGF-11). The most important of these is IGF-1, its synthesis is GH dependent, and its plasma levels are very sensitive to changes in GH availability (Berne et al, 1998). The IGFS circulate in plasma in complex with a family of binding proteins that extend the serum half-life of the IGF peptides, transport the IGFS to target cells and modulate the interaction of the IGFS with surface membrane receptors (Reiter and Rosenfeld, 1998). There are six IGF - binding proteins (IGFBPS) designated IGFBP-1 to IGFBP-6. They are designated on the basis of their amino acid sequence (Berne et al, 1998). IGFBP-1 is generating much interest, because it possesses properties that are a typical for a classical binding protein. It is an important modulator of IGF activities (Martina et al, 1997). IGFBP-3 is the major IGFBP in the circulation (Boisclair et al, 2001). The prealbumin is a protein synthesized by the liver. It plays an important role in the plasma transport of vitamin A, and also involved in the transport of thyroid hormones (Silverman and Christenson, 1994) The aminoterminal peptide of procollagen, are removed during processing of collagen and released into the circulation. The level of procollagen peptides may provide a clinically useful index of growth (Raisz et al., 1998). -Aim of work : The aim of work is to evaluate serum levels of IGF-1 , IGFBP-1 , IGFBP-3 , prealbumin and aminoterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen in malnourished children and demonstrate the effect of malnutrition on these parameters

Application Solar Energy for Charging Battery Mobile Phone

Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy directly into electrical power. A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or recharge able battery by forcing an electric current through it. Digital devices, especially mobile phones, need electricity that can be obtained from local electricity station converted into direct current using proprietary charger. Yet, the users can not always find the local electricity station such as in travelling or in condition where electricity becomes unavailable at the moment. On the other side, the use of local electricity to power mobile phones increases the fossil fuel consumption since the main source of energy for our current local. The solar energy is the ideal solution to the problems of energy and the environment and provides environmental safety factor as the solar energy is clean, renewable energy does not pollute the air and leave no waste. The charge controller is divided into two circuits: overcharge controller and discharge controller. Overcharge controller limits the maximum voltage when recharging process is being held. The circuit implemented is an operational amplifier that works as comparator, of which output controls the transistor that will stop or allow the charging current passed to the battery, the result is able to meet the design characteristics for the controller. These results are very useful for charging battery form sun light and it's more economical and environmentally friendly and the advantage of the system compared to charger mobile phone ac to dc. And this solution for the electrification of remote areas

Assessing variability in the wideband mobile radio channel.

yesAn assessment of the performance of OFDM transmissions over the wideband mobile radio channel is reported. The simulation in MATLAB /Simulink is based on the CODIT channel model. The results show that BER deteriorates significantly as the mobile velocities increase from 0 to 30 m/s. Significant variability in the BER for a given channel type is quantified. For a given instance of the channel the standard deviation of the estimated BER is 20%, but when averaged over many separate instances of the same channel type, a standard deviation of 47% is found

Improvements in Multicarrier Modulation Systems using a Wavelet OFDM Scheme

yesThis paper investigates the performance of wavelet OFDM signals over a wireless communications link. The scheme is shown to be generally similar to Fourier based OFDM, but with some additional features, and improved characteristics. The sensitivity of both schemes to the nonlinear amplification in the transmitter is compared by monitoring the time domain output data and the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) performance

Medical ethics in Libya: where to start?

When it was decided that I will write the editorial for the second issue of the Libyan Journal of Medicine, I was not sure where to start. There are many topics that are related to global health issues and many are specifically related to the health system in Libya. For this issue, I decided to start some discussion on medical ethics as it relates to the Libyan medical culture