Enrich waste activated sludge digestibility via natural enzyme supplementation

Upgrading of low biodegradable waste activated sludge (WAS) accomplished through supplement the hydrolysis step with natural enzymes source. Whereas, WAS is rich in particulate fractions in terms of total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) of 15.78, 14.92 and 12.15 g/L, respectively. Therefore, carica papaya enzymes were utilized to break down the peptide ponds in protein molecules such as papain and protease, as well as, lipases that catalyzed the degradation of lipids. The optimum mixture between papain, protease, and lipase enzymes was found to be 3: 1: 2 while the optimum enzyme concentration was 8%. This conditions was attributed to enhance the H2 productivity form WAS by 97.8

Investigation of operational conditions for the removal of methylene blue by Fenton Reaction

Fenton reaction has been concerned by many researchersdue to easy operation and effective degradation of bioresistantorganics. This study aims to investigate the effect ofthe operational conditions on the effectiveness of Fenton’sprocess for the decolorization of methylene blue.The influenceof methylene blue, pH, dose of H2O2 , ferrous sulfateconcentration from the wastewater were studied. Experimentshave shown that highly affect by the value of pH, Laboratoryexperiment conducted in the lab proved that pH should bebetween 3 - 4 to give the best results, It also proved that theincreasing of the dose of both hydrogen peroxide and ferroussulfate enhanced the removal efficiency of MB

Bio-H2 conversion of wastewater via hybrid dark/photo fermentation reactor

Hydrogen energy is a clean source for liveliness betterthan fossil fuel that has hazardous effects on the environmentand atmosphere. Food wastes and organics in the sewage sludgeare a promising sustainable and renewable source for hydrogenproduction where amalgamation of waste treatment and energyproduction would be more than one benefit expressed intreatment of organic pollutants and energy generation.Discovering biohydrogen production from industrialwastewater by dark and photo fermentation was the main aimof this paper. The biogas produced was composed of H2 andCO2, and the maximum H2 content was 25.94%. This ratio wasachieved at batch configuration system and initial pH 6.2 withstarch concentration 15 g/l. Cause of using dark fermentationeffluent (DFE) was used as substrate for A Rhodobactercapsulatus strain and a clostridium culture were cultivated toproduce hydrogen under different light-dark cycles. Acetic andbutyric acids decreased due to first and second photo stages by21.9% and 4.1 % respectively. Maximum hydrogen yield was470.9 ml H2/mol VFAs

Isolation, genotyping, and sub-genotyping of Newcastle disease virus from commercial broiler chickens in Northern Egypt

The governments seek to take care of livestock; it plays a significant role in the national economy because of the nutritional and economic importance of poultry protein. In poultry, viral diseases, including the Newcastle virus, are considered among the causes of profitable losses in poultry, which directly affect livestock and the general health of birds. Therefore, this research was conducted to follow up on the Newcastle disease virus recently circulating in commercial poultry farms in northern Egypt and compare the master amino acids that determine the velogeneity of the ND virus. In addition, this research will compare their relationship to the vaccines currently in use. A specific-pathogen-free chicken (EE-SPF) egg was used to isolate NDV from chicken farms. We then tested the inoculated allantoic fluids for NDV using the Hemagglutination Test and Hyper-Immune Serum against LaSota NDV. Furthermore, the F gene was molecularly characterized and sequenced. From 15 allantoic fluids that were positive for NDV, seven isolates (ON497007, ON497008, ON497010, ON497011, ON497012, and ON497013 and ON532692) out of 9 ND sequenced isolates clustered into sub-genotype VII.1.1 and the other 2 (ON497006 and ON497009) into sub-genotype XXI.1.1. All the isolates in this investigation carry the velogenic strain's characteristic velogenic motif 112RKQKR*F117. In conclusion, the circulating ND in vaccinated chicken flocks in Egypt genotype VII.1.1 and XXI.1.1. Moreover, there was a residual substitution between most isolates, and genotype VII vaccine strain (R/K), and autogenous vaccine strain (E/R) at position 78. These results are expected to help provide the latest characteristic information on NDV in northern Egypt

Assessment of Thermal Comfort in Operating Rooms Using PMV-PPD Model

Operating rooms (ORs) are the most critical and expensive sector of healthcare facilities. The air conditioning system is designed to provide a well-controlled indoor air quality (IAQ). This design guarantees a perfect infection control and a good thermal comfort of patient and operating staff.This paper aims to analyze and evaluate indoor thermal comfort at different cases to assign the proper inlet air temperature to the OR. The predicted mean vote (PMV) and the predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) models in accordance with ISO 7730 were used for this study.Field measurements were first carried out in an OR at Kafr El-Sheikh educational hospital to get the thermal environment parameters. These parameters are required to determine the thermal comfort indices namely (PMV & PPD). Four different cases of supplied air temperature 17.5, 18.5, 19.5 and 20.5oC were studied and compared through 105 measuring points distributed in the operating room. The PMV and PPD indices were computed at each case for three groups of medical staff: surgeons (metabolic rate equal to 120 W/m2), nurses and surgeon\u27s assistants (100 W/m2), anesthetists (70 W/m2).The results revealed that inlet air temperature has a minor effect on the air velocities and airflow patterns inside the OR at the same air change rate. For the current ventilation system, it is difficult to create a very comfortable work conditions for all operating staff at the same time due to their different thermal requirements. It was concluded that a supplied air temperature of 18.5oC provides almost comfortable conditions for all surgical staff

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Reverse Osmosis Based Water Desalination

Freshwater availability has dropped due to population growth, inefficient use, climate change, and industrial pollution. Although the reverse osmosis, RO, system is one of the most effective desalination technologies worldwide, spiral wound membranes still need deeper theoretical and experimental investigations for removing salts under low energy consumption. In this study, the performance of a commercial pilot RO plant that utilizes a spiral wound seawater membrane module is experimentally investigated under a wide range of operating parameters. In addition, a Mathematical model is developed based on the solution-diffusion model theory and then solved using an in-house MATLAB algorithm to analyze its performance. The theoretical and experimental results were then compared. The present results revealed that the mathematical model’s predictions were highly consistent with the actual experimental results, achieving an average accuracy of about 98%. The average deviation was 4.0578% when predicting water productivity and just 0.2755% when estimating the salt rejection coefficient. The findings of this study could assist designers in predicting the membrane’s performance and selecting the most advantageous operational parameters for supplying water to the RO system

Comparative analysis of common full scale reactors for dry anaerobic digestion process

Organic solid wastes are produced with large amount wherever there are human activities. However, improper treated organic wastes made them as sources of diseases. On the other hand, these fractions contain nutrients and energy, so they have also valuable resources. As a result, exploring their potential as an energy source can be accomplish via anaerobic digestion process, in which, organics converted into hydrogen, methane and/or ethanol. Therefore, this manuscript introduces an overview of the common applied types of reactor that can handle these types of wastes in their solid state and recover them in term of biogas, as well as, stabilize the produced digestate to bio-fertilizers by compositing approach. A comparison also listed to demonstrate the optimum operational conditions and expected amount of biogas from each type

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Reverse Osmosis Based Water Desalination

Freshwater availability has dropped due to population growth, inefficient use, climate change, and industrial pollution. Although the reverse osmosis, RO, system is one of the most effective desalination technologies worldwide, spiral wound membranes still need deeper theoretical and experimental investigations for removing salts under low energy consumption. In this study, the performance of a commercial pilot RO plant that utilizes a spiral wound seawater membrane module is experimentally investigated under a wide range of operating parameters. In addition, a Mathematical model is developed based on the solution-diffusion model theory and then solved using an in-house MATLAB algorithm to analyze its performance. The theoretical and experimental results were then compared. The present results revealed that the mathematical model’s predictions were highly consistent with the actual experimental results, achieving an average accuracy of about 98%. The average deviation was 4.0578% when predicting water productivity and just 0.2755% when estimating the salt rejection coefficient. The findings of this study could assist designers in predicting the membrane’s performance and selecting the most advantageous operational parameters for supplying water to the RO system

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance by Directly Injecting Blends of Ammonium Hydroxide and Including Liquid Petroleum Gas as a Partially Premixed Charge

Recently, scientists have made significant strides in addressing or mitigating environmental issues. Researchers have adopted various approaches to tackle these issues, such as replacing fossil fuels with more environmentally friendly alternatives or blending multiple fuel types. This can be achieved by either integrating these two trends through the use of new injection systems and simultaneous combustion of alternative fuels with fossil fuels or by modifying fuel injection systems, exemplified by the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems. Consequently, these methods have proven effective in reducing environmental pollutants, enhancing thermal efficiency, and decreasing specific fuel consumption. In this study, ammonia hydroxide and diesel were utilized as eco-friendly fuels, with volume ratios of 7.5% and 92.5%, respectively. Using the PCCI system, a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine underwent varying additions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at rates of two, four, and six liters per minute. This facilitated experimental investigations into the engine\u27s thermal efficiency (BTE) and ambient emissions. Additionally, changes in specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were examined and compared with those when using diesel alone or diesel with ammonia hydroxide in the specified proportion. Moreover, empirical findings indicated that incorporating ammonia hydroxide into diesel at volume ratios of 7.5%–92.5% resulted in a mere 20.98% and 23.95% increase in thermal efficiency, respectively, compared to diesel alone. However, the average brake thermal efficiency improved to 24.6% with the introduction of liquefied petroleum gas at a rate of two liters per minute and escalated to 36.2% at a rate of four liters per minute. The highest braking thermal efficiency, 42.9%, was observed at a 2-kw load when adding LPG at a rate of six liters per minute with an increase in load. Additionally, the investigation monitored parameters such as soot opacity, emissions species, exhaust temperature, and specific fuel consumption

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Multi-Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel/Biodiesel and Toluene Additives

This study explores the impact of using a diesel, biodiesel, and toluene additive fuel blend in a multi-cylinder direct injection diesel engine, focusing on both performance and emissions characteristics. Biodiesel, made from renewable sources like vegetable oils, is often added to diesel to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve combustion due to its higher oxygen content. In this work, a 45% biodiesel blend (B45) led to significant reductions in particulate matter (PM) emissions by up to 40% compared to conventional diesel. Additionally, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions decreased by up to 30% and 25%, respectively, due to biodiesel\u27s cleaner combustion properties. However, biodiesel’s lower energy density compared to diesel, caused engine power to drop by 2-5% and increased fuel consumption by 3-6%, reducing overall engine efficiency. To address these drawbacks, toluene was added to the fuel blend. When toluene was added in a concentrations of 5-10% by volume, it increased the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine by 4-10%, offsetting the power losses associated with biodiesel. Toluene also improves fuel atomization, leading tofiner spray patterns and a more complete and efficient combustion process. This improved combustion process further reduces CO and HC emissions beyond what biodiesel alone could achieve. This improved combustion process further reduced CO and HC emissions beyond what biodiesel alone could achieve. Another advantage of toluene is its ability to enhance combustion stability, reducing cylinder-to-cylinder variations and improving knock resistance. However, a challenge when using biodiesel, particularly with toluene, is the potential increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Biodiesel’s higher combustion temperatures contribute to higher NOx formation, and while toluene enhances combustion, it may also raise these temperatures further, increasing NOx emissions by 10-20%. Therefore, precise tuning of engine parameters like injection timing and pressure is required to balance the benefits of improved performance and reduced CO, HC, and PM emissions with the potential rise in NOx emissions