A brief review of massive MIMO technology for the next generation

Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is an evolving technology based on the principle of spatial multiplexing which consists in using at the same time the same radio frequencies to send different signals. The several transmitting antennas from a base station can transmit different signals and several receiving antennas from a device can receive and divide them simultaneously. Due to the physically difficult of installing antennas close to each other, standard MIMO networks generally limit four antenna-side transmitters and receivers for data transmission while it could be more. The study aims to review the traditional MIMO different types as well as investigates the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) between Single Input Single Output (SISO) and MIMO to ensure the best wireless connection functionality. In addition to that, a simple comparison to distinguish between SISO, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO in term of capacity and data rate to provide an indication for the quality of the wireless connection. The work's contribution is to illustrate technological benefits like MIMO, which boosts data speeds and increases the reliability of wireless networks. The outcome shows a SISO system would have a lower data rate than other systems because it only has one antenna at the transmitter and receiver, whereas a MISO system would typically have a greater SNR than a SISO or SIMO system because it uses several transmit antennas. MIMO, however, took advantage of all the positive characteristics and emerged as the best solution overall

Seawater salinity modelling based on electromagnetic wave characterization

Wireless communications have experienced tremendous growth, and improving their performance based on specific parameters requires an accurate model. Salt seawater, being an abundant resource, could play a crucial role in various applications such as enhancing electrical conductivity, monitoring security, improving battery power efficiency, and creating liquid antennas. Salinity is an essential factor to consider when developing these applications. This paper focused on investigating the electromagnetic properties of seawater salinity in the context of marine wireless communications. The results of the study showed that salinity has a significant impact on the Fresnel reflection coefficient in terms of magnitude, phase shift, and polarization, and can either constructively or destructively affect it. The new model paved the way for the development of an integrated salt seawater model that addressed the complex salinity issues involved in these applications

Modeling over the sea surface within elevated duct

Modeling marine environment is a rapidly evolving field expected to gain more concentration in wide aspects. Sea environment duct accounted as analytical comparative study utilizing super high frequencies SHF to investigate different parameters affect the signal propagation, which consider nonuniform nature in term of variation of electromagnetic prosperities in the duct causes different phenomena such as refraction and bending. This paper takes into account the matter via focus in elevated duct to compare with sea surface and model the refractivity profiles utilizing parabolic equation. The key goal of the work is to present fading phenomenon affect, which is caused by various atmospheric parameters and proof it does not exclusively influence the path loss, but also the sea specification itself could play a vital role in term of propagation factor such as electric field which is different from sea to another. So, this proofing would helps researchers which are working in the area to design and select appropriate model and give a reliable wireless communication when consider the coastal link budget. This work result emphasized the versa correlation between the coverage area and frequency in sea environment, and makes sure that the reduction due to several common parameters becomes clear at higher gigahertz frequencies. Overall the proposal considers the coastal ducts from refractive profiles viewpoint to ensure reliable link over the sea

Investigate the electromagnetic waves to desalinate gulf water and beyond

In recent times, modeling in electromagnetic field has drawn much attention due to revolutionize the world in wide technology aspects. According to that, promising increases daily to achieve the life requirements and mitigate the challenges such as water lack. A whole the world rely on water which consider the backbone of the life to sustain the life and development. Gulf countries are among the most arid environments of the world due to the shortage of natural water resource as well as rainfall. Consequently, the countries in the region totally depends on the Gulf water desalination process, which is consider a heavy duty to the governments due to high cost and complicated processing. This paper takes into account the matter via focus in electromagnetic filed to model the gulf salt water and give technical proposal with respect to chemical elements utilizing Geometric Cylindrical Black Tank GCBT to exploit the resources in gulf region. The proposal depends on exposed the salt water to the electromagnetic field to increase conductivity and raise the oxygen solubility as well as boost the rainfall capability through evaporation process. The study which is considered Qatar parameters and the similar countries would open the door to different fabrication processes such salt industry and derivatives together with mitigate the influences of the desalination. This work result emphasized the strong correlation between the electromagnetic field, wavelength and salinity level in various regions. Overall the proposal considers the gulf water electromagnetically and how to accommodate in desalination, underwater creatures and link over the sea

Examination rain and fog attenuation for path loss prediction in millimeter wave range

The core solution for the congestion bandwidth which are utilizing these days in radio propagation inevitably is to move forward to higher frequencies, which millimeter wave frequencies can provide it as well as satisfy clients requests such as huge capacity and fast data rate. On the other hand, the high vulnerable from complex condition become holdback for instance attenuation which case due to atmospheric absorption such as rain, fog, foliage, oxygen and water vapor. Coverage planning depends on which propagation model use in various atmospheres to accomplish reasonable and dependable system. In this paper we concentrating on rain and fog parameters which are both represent most significant condition variables to encourage the planners of wireless networks to select appropriate model, which can structure and actualize the fitting model. Likewise, we look at among three different models exponential, polynomial and power to utilizing scientific conditions and goodness of fit parameters to demonstrate clearly data curve. The outcome shows that polynomial agreeable model for rainy and foggy atmospheric, and will extend the methodology to other models utilizing real data analysis to obtain comprehensive contributable results, which will conceivably be valuable assessment to millimeter wave frequencies planners

Comparison of the self-piloting constructive and destructive interference in 7 and 23 GHz band over the seawater surface

Autonomous technology is tremendously evolving modern life and expected to transform the world utterly. Different aspects for ground-air space connection need various frequencies to support the high capacity, tremendous data rate, and unmistakably link connection. The present frequency bands reach their capacity limit and consider below the customer's demands particularly when thinking about the new upcoming technologies such as IoT and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technologies. In this work, we investigate propagation characteristics of the radio channel in 7 and 23 GHz as a part of the new super-high frequency (SHF) band which is expecting to operate for wireless control and particularly above the seawater surface that is considered an unusual environment from the link connection point of view. The two frequency bands were selected based on their utilization in various link budgets to cover the effect of frequency in terms of different wireless conceptual such as constructive and destructive Interference behavior in addition to the vertical and horizontal polarization. The result shows that the 23 GHz is severely affected by the path loss propagation with extremely high variation in constructive and destructive interferences which could be accommodated when using space diversity technology. The scientific approach of the study estimates the potential analysis to overtake the challenges of new era demands

A novel prediction of radiation interference impact in single wind turbine on microwave link

This A wind turbine produces renewable energy that supplies with power, especially in countries and states such as Qatar, which is one of the largest producers of natural gas globally. However, there are numerous challenges in utilizing renewable energy sources in generating power, particularly the degradation effect on telecommunication services due to radiation interference caused by the electromagnetic field induced by the dynamic movement of such devices or systems. Similarly, undesirable signals could interfere with communication systems, reducing both quality and performance, while wildlife such as birds, collide with the turbine rotor cutting edges. This paper undertakes an extensive examination into using a single wind turbine and its impact as a sustainable power source in providing renewable energy in reducing the level of pollution in Qatar while simultaneously considering the need to safeguard the surrounding wildlife, such as birds. The study proposes to use an advanced sensor ACS712 Hall Effect to convert the electromagnetic field to electrical flow, gauge the wind speed and direction and repulse birdlife. The proposal considers the environmental characteristics of the Al-Karaana village as the projected installation site to maximize the possibility of presenting a well-investigated solution in addressing the challenges and obstacles that could occur due to the application of wind energy supported by telecommunications infrastructure such as microwave systems. The scientific approach of this study assessed the possible solutions to mitigate the difficulties related to the use of wind turbines in the wireless communications field, wildlife, and natural environment

A novel intervention to enhance transoceanic fiber effectiveness through advanced QX 5252 CMOS driver

Submarine fiber networks are considered the backbone of communication between countries, hence the operators expecting to get high quality and performance efficiency. Due to that, sea cable manufacturers ramping up the efforts to enhance the bandwidth availability, reliability, and entire performance satisfactory to the customers' demand because they well know laying out new transoceanic fiber is more expensive than other ground cables. On the other hand, separation of power cable from the fiber in the submarine system making the repair, troubleshooting, and even survey test likewise costly due to utilizing the different platforms, tools, and expertise to achieve the task. This paper undertakes an extensive test in fiber optic including submarine cable through give a spotlight to the attenuation elements such as reflection loss as well as the power cable standalone impact in the submarine fiber network. The investigation based on the real survey test which considers the cable from the beach manhole to the main station shelter and proposes to use an advanced QX5252 CMOS to incorporate, magnifying the voltage and power discharge depends on the system requirements. The advanced chip also able to sense the signal thus would occupy many aspects in addition to care for the earthing process via overload discharge. The scientific approach of the proposal assessed the potential solution to mitigate the challenges in the submarine cable as well as fiber optic

Seawater salinity modelling based on electromagnetic wave characterization

Wireless communications have experienced tremendous growth, and improving their performance based on specific parameters requires an accurate model. Salt seawater, being an abundant resource, could play a crucial role in various applications such as enhancing electrical conductivity, monitoring security, improving battery power efficiency, and creating liquid antennas. Salinity is an essential factor to consider when developing these applications. This paper focused on investigating the electromagnetic properties of seawater salinity in the context of marine wireless communications. The results of the study showed that salinity has a significant impact on the Fresnel reflection coefficient in terms of magnitude, phase shift, and polarization, and can either constructively or destructively affect it. The new model paved the way for the development of an integrated salt seawater model that addressed the complex salinity issues involved in these applications

Scrutinization of saline sea utilizing a water-based antenna for the radio communications

The Arabian Gulf water could play a vital role in the context of the next modern life that should occupy as well as avail countries resources. The distinguished natural characteristically which is generally considered drawbacks from one side due to water composition such as high salinity, need a fresh look to prove the unique feature of the water in the gulf could become a significant advantage through transparency, easy access, and conductive ions to carry the electric current flow, although it is widely recognized about the Arabian Gulf water is subject to high dissolution as well snags in desalination. But Gulf water antenna could give unprecedented features that would contribute positively to the whole area in users' connection demand, government security and civilization facilities. The paper proposed Gulf Seawater Antenna Model GSAM in line with the region's condition to accommodate the natural environmental stark parameters. While the comparative result shows the fluctuation between magnitude and phase response based on frequency utilized, as well as the water surface perforation which represents a segment of the proposed contribution without compromising the environment. At the same time, the clear exponential relation between conductivity and salinity led to offering a proper water antenna identification. Overall, the investigation proposed a water antenna in the gulf region to provide significant utilities based on its unique specifications using the most significant parameters that would promise avenues for novel notions research