Spectral Estimates, Contractions and Hypercontractivity

Sharp comparison theorems are derived for all eigenvalues of the (weighted) Laplacian, for various classes of weighted-manifolds (i.e. Riemannian manifolds endowed with a smooth positive density). Examples include Euclidean space endowed with strongly log-concave and log-convex densities, extensions to $p$-exponential measures, unit-balls of $\ell_p^n$, one-dimensional spaces and Riemannian submersions. Our main tool is a general Contraction Principle for "eigenvalues" on arbitrary metric-measure spaces. Motivated by Caffarelli's Contraction Theorem, we put forth several conjectures pertaining to the existence of contractions from the canonical sphere (and Gaussian space) to weighted-manifolds of appropriate topological type having (generalized) Ricci curvature positively bounded below; these conjectures are consistent with all known isoperimetric, heat-kernel and Sobolev-type properties, and would imply sharp conjectural spectral estimates on such spaces. While we do not resolve these conjectures for the individual eigenvalues, we verify their Weyl asymptotic distribution in the compact and non-compact settings, obtain non-asymptotic estimates using the Cwikel--Lieb--Rozenblum inequality, and estimate the trace of the associated heat-kernel assuming that the associated heat semi-group is hypercontractive. As a side note, an interesting trichotomy for the heat-kernel is obtained.Comment: 38 pages; corrected typos and removed duplicate reference. To appear in Journal of Spectral Theory, published by the European Mathematical Societ

Hypertension

Hypertension is a rapidly moving clinical field with frequent developments in new pharmacologic agents and management strategies. Perhaps more importantly, there have been substantial improvements in our understanding of how best to use the drugs available to us. In this article, I will review some of the more important advances in our understanding of hypertension over the past two years, specifically by reviewing six important trials, one survey and two sets of guidelines, all published between January 2002 and June 2004.peer-reviewe