Fighting Crime with a Little Help from my Friends: Party Affiliation, Inter‐jurisdictional Cooperation and Crime in Mexico

We investigate the relationship between inter-jurisdictional cooperation and law enforcement in Mexico. Exploiting a Regression Discontinuity Design in close municipal elections, we study how improved opportunities for cooperation in crime prevention among neighboring municipalities - proxied by their degree of political alignment - may result in lower rates of violent crime. We find that municipalities in which the party in power in the majority of neighboring jurisdictions barely won experience significantly lower homicide rates during the mayor’s mandate than those in which it barely lost. This effect is sizeable and independent of which party is in power in the neighboring municipalities

Solidarity in games with a coalition structure

A new axiomatic characterization of the two-step Shapley value (Kamijo, 2009) is presented based on a solidarity principle of the members of any union: when the game changes due to the addition or deletion of players outside the union, all members of the union will share the same gains/losses.Games with a coalition structure. Owen value. The two-step Shapley value. Solidarity.

A value for cooperative games with a coalition structure

A value for games with a coalition structure is introduced, where the rules guiding the cooperation among the members of the same coalition are different from the interaction rules among coalitions. In particular, players inside a coalition exhibit a greater degree of solidarity than they are willing to use with players outside their coalition. The Shapley value [Shapley, 1953] is therefore used to compute the aggregate payoffs of the coalitions, and the Solidarity value [Nowak and Radzik, 1994] to obtain the payoffs of the players inside each coalition.Coalitional value, Shapley value, Owen value, Solidarity value

The effect of a transfer program for the elderly in Mexico City on co-residing children's school enrollment

This paper studies whether the increase in government transfers, induced by an old-age pension program for individuals age 70 and older in Mexico, affects co-residing children's school enrollment, using a regression discontinuity analysis. Results suggest that while household composition and other household-level characteristics do not change significantly at the cutoff age for program eligibility, co-residing children's school enrollment increases significantly. This suggests that public resources for older adults might generate benefits for other age groups. An additional finding is that the increase in school enrollment takes places mostly at the program eligibility cutoff and not before. Given that the program transfer is known and potentially anticipated by individuals who are only a few years away from being eligible, this suggests that households might have credit constraints

Impact on agronomic parameters in Vines and wine quality of foliar treatments with specific fractions of yeast derivatives

In hot Spanish climate, Toledo, Syrah and Sauvignon blanc Vineyard were treated in pre veraison with yeast derivatives RD-LM and RD- LA to stimulate phenolic and aromatic maturity respectively (application of yeast derivatives specifically designed to be used with the patent foliar application technology WO/2014/024039, Lallemand Inc. Canada). For studied effects in berry and wine composition three harvest time had been done. Experimented yeast derivatives had no significant effects on yield components and vegetative growth in both varieties. The Syrah RD-LM variety presented higher total and extractable anthocyanins and also more amount of tannins, although this last ones are not evident in the sensory analysis. The sensory analysis of wine has given very similar results in both varieties but with significant results in favored by phenols and tannins derived RD- LM and RD-LA respectively

Irrevocabilidad Relajada para Memoria Transaccional Hardware

Los sistemas comerciales que ofrecen memoria transaccional (TM) implementan un sistema hardware best-effort (BE-HTM) con limitaciones. Es necesario programar un fallback software basado en cerrojos para asegurar el progreso de la aplicación. En este artículo se propone un nuevo tipo de irrevocabilidad hardware (un modo transaccional que marca las transacciones como no abortables) para hacer frente a las limitaciones de los sistemas BE-HTM de una manera mas eficiente, y para liberar a al usuario de tener que programar un fallback. Se basa en el concepto de suscripción relajada utilizada o en el contexto de la programación de fallbacks basada o en cerrojos, donde la transacción se suscribe al cerrojo al final de la misma en lugar de al principio. El mecanismo de irrevocabilidad relajada hardware no involucra cambios en el protocolo de coherencia y se compara con su homólogo software, que proponemos como un fallback con suscripción relajada de espera escapada. También proponemos la irrevocabilidad relajada con anticipación, un mecanismo que no se puede implementar en software, y que mejora el rendimiento de las aplicaciones con múltiples reemplazos de bloques transaccionales de caché. La evaluación de las propuestas se lleva a cabo con el simulador Simics/GEMS junto con la suite de benchmarks STAMP, y se obtiene una mejora de rendimiento sobre el fallback del 14% al 28% para algunos benchmarks.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Efectos del déficit hídrico en el color de la baya y del vino, en la variedad de uva Cabernet sauvignon. Madrid.

Existe una preocupación por las consecuencias que puede ocasionar a la viticultura el cambio climático, especialmente en zonas cálidas y secas. Estos cambios podrían tener importantes consecuencias tanto en la calidad de la uva como en el potencial de sus vinos. El objetivo del ensayo fue evaluar los efectos del déficit hídrico en el color de los vinos, ya que hoy en día resulta de carácter obligatorio mantener su intensidad y calidad constante, frente a la percepción del consumidor frente a un vino de calidad. El diseño experimental se llevó a cabo en un viñedo comercial de la variedad Cabernet sauvignon, en el Sureste de Madrid, en los años 2010 y 2011. Los tratamientos fueron: i) déficit moderado continuo, (T0,45- 0,6), ii) déficit severo continuo (T0-0,3), iii) déficit severo post-envero (T0,45-0,3), iv) déficit severo pre-envero (T0-0,6). El déficit hídrico sí influyó en el tamaño de la baya, pero no a los porcentajes de hollejo, pulpa y semilla. Los vinos resultantes de los tratamientos con menor déficit obtuvieron las mayores tasas de color rojo y amarillo, luminosidad y cromaticidad

Effect of Vitrification on Epigenetic Modifications and the Meiotic Spindle of Bovine Oocytes

While oocyte vitrification has become a common practice, it still faces some challenges such as the low survival rates after warming, probably related to cryoinjuries and cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity. Evidence suggests that vitrification might have an effect on the patterns of some epigenetic marks including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. During fertilization and embryogenesis, key events for healthy and adequate embryo development take place, not only governed by the information contained within the DNA sequence, but also by epigenetic mechanisms. This study was aimed at determining the effect of vitrification and CPA exposure, using a combination of ethylene glycol (EG) with either DMSO or glycerol (Gly), on DNA methylation and histone acetylation of bovine oocytes. Additionally, the effect of vitrification and cryoprotective solutions on the meiotic spindle was evaluated. To achieve this goal, three experiments were carried out. The first experiment was intended to evaluate the effect of vitrification on DNA methylation of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) at two different maturation stages, germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII). The second was designed to determine the effect of CPA exposure on DNA methylation and histone acetylation. The last experiment assessed the impact of vitrification and CPA exposure on microtubule distribution and chromosome arrangement, and if a subsequent incubation period after vitrification could promote the reorganization of the spindle. Results obtained suggest that vitrification of bovine oocytes at the GV stage does not have an effect on DNA methylation patterns. Similar outcomes were obtained when comparing oocytes in the MII vitrified with DMSO and fresh oocytes. However, oocytes vitrified with Gly showed an abnormality presented in the form of DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, exposure to EG + DMSO increases the levels of DNA methylations in comparison with fresh oocytes. CPA exposure does not have an effect on histone acetylation levels. Finally, results of the third experiment indicate that CPA exposure has no impact on the incidence of abnormal meiotic spindles. In contrast, vitrification using DMSO increases the occurrence of abnormal meiotic spindles and the damage seems to be irreversible. The incubation period following vitrification with EG + Gly promotes the reorganization of microtubules

ISG15 Regulates Peritoneal Macrophages Functionality against Viral Infection

Upon viral infection, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the subsequent upregulation of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) generate an antiviral state with an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive host immune responses. The ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) ISG15 is a critical IFN-induced antiviral molecule that protects against several viral infections, but the mechanism by which ISG15 exerts its antiviral function is not completely understood. Here, we report that ISG15 plays an important role in the regulation of macrophage responses. ISG152/2 macrophages display reduced activation, phagocytic capacity and programmed cell death activation in response to vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Moreover, peritoneal macrophages from mice lacking ISG15 are neither able to phagocyte infected cells nor to block viral infection in co-culture experiments with VACV-infected murine embryonic fibroblast (MEFs). This phenotype is independent of cytokine production and secretion, but clearly correlates with impaired activation of the protein kinase AKT in ISG15 knock-out (KO) macrophages. Altogether, these results indicate an essential role of ISG15 in the cellular immune antiviral response and point out that a better understanding of the antiviral responses triggered by ISG15 may lead to the development of therapies against important human pathogensThis work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Health FIS2011-00127, Comunidad de Madrid UAM-CM-CCG10-4911 and UAM-Banco de Santander to SG. This work was also partly supported by NIAID grant U19AI083025 and by CRIP (Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis, HHSN266200700010C), a NIAID Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) to AGS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscrip

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare: applications, availability and societal impact

This report reviews and classifies the current and near-future applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Medicine and Healthcare according to their ethical and societal impact and the availability level of the various technological implementations. It provides conceptual foundations for well-informed policy-oriented work, research, and forward-looking activities that address the opportunities and challenges created in the field of AI in Medicine and Healthcare. This report is aimed for policy developers, but it also makes contributions that are of interest for researchers studying the impact and the future of AI on Healthcare, for scientific and technological stakeholders in this field and for the general public. This report is based on an analysis of the state of the art of research and technology, including software, personal monitoring devices, genetic tests and editing tools, personalized digital models, online platforms, augmented reality devices, and surgical and companion robotics. From this analysis, it is presented the concept of “extended personalized medicine”, and it is explored the public perception of medical AI systems, and how they show, simultaneously, extraordinary opportunities and drawbacks. In addition, this report addresses the transformation of the roles of doctors and patients in an age of ubiquitous information and identifies three main paradigms in AI-supported Medicine: “fake-based”, “patient-generated”, and “scientifically tailored” views. This Report presents: - An updated overview of the many aspects related to the social impact of Artificial Intelligence and its applications in Medicine and Health. A new ‘Technology Availability Scale’ is defined to evaluate and compare their current status. - Recent examples of the growing social concerns and debates in the general press, social media and other web-bases sources. - A ‘Visual Overview of AI and AI-mediated technologies in Medicine and Healthcare’, in which two figures show, respectively, a (newly proposed) classification according to their ethical and social impact, and the most relevant ethical and social aspects considered for such classification. Some key questions, controversies, significant, and conflicting issues are outlined for each aspect. - A ‘Structured Overview’, with a sorted list of technologies and their implementations, including perspectives, conflicting views and potential pitfalls, and a corresponding, extensive list of references. - A conclusive set of policy challenges, namely the need of informed citizens, key aspects (of AI and AI-mediated technologies in Medicine and Healthcare) to evaluate, and some recommendations towards a European leadership in this sector. - We finally relate our study with an update on the use of AI technologies to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 pandemic disease.JRC.A.5 - Scientific Developmen