Paleosols in the Triassic De Geerdalen and Snadd formations

Parts of the Late Triassic De Geerdalen Formation and the Middle to Late Triassic Snadd Formation have been investigated through facies analysis of outcrop and core data. The purpose has been to identify paleosols, relate them to the overall depositional environment and infer about Late Triassic paleoclimatic conditions. Outcrops of the lower and middle parts of the De Geerdalen Formation were logged on Edgeøya and Hopen, whereas data from the offshore equivalent Snadd Formation were obtained from a shallow stratigraphic core from the Bjarmeland Platform in the Barents Sea. Identification of paleosols has been based on recognition of features such as fossil roots in growth position, color variations and horizons, pedogenic slickensides and organic accumulations. They have been found to occur on top of coarsening upwards delta front sandstones, within mud dominated floodplain deposits, and on top of channel sandstones. Where they occur on top of delta front and channel deposits the paleosols can be viewed as abandonment markers, attesting to periods of non-deposition following avulsion events and termination of sediment supply. Floodplain paleosols vary in character, and some appears to be polygenetic, meaning they record a change in moisture regime. Some of the paleosols also shows features that enable classification and comparison with modern soils. Vertisols, a type of soil formed by seasonal moisture variations in swelling clays seems to be an abundant type of paleosol in the Snadd Formation. These have been identified by the presence of pedogenic slickensides, appearing as smooth, curved and striated fracture planes in mudrocks. The paleosols attest to a dominantly humid climate with a seasonal variation in precipitation. The interpretation of a humid climate agrees with previous studies based on palynology, and supports the validity of general circulation models for the Late Triassic. Precipitation seasonality may have had a limiting effect on peat accumulation and possibly a contributing factor to high sediment yield in the fluvial system. Many of the features found in the paleosols appear to be comparable to modern soils on the Mississippi Delta in the Southern USA

Ways; Socio-Cultural Aspects of TESL in Japan

The objective of this paper is to present aspects of the Japanese society and culture which may directly or indirectly affect the ESL class, specifically in a Japanese college or university. An analysis of these facts and their relevance in the ESL class and teaching techniques which have been used to meet the specific needs of the Japanese ESL students are also given

Observing the spin of a free electron

Long ago, Bohr, Pauli, and Mott argued that it is not, in principle, possible to measure the spin components of a free electron. One can try to use a Stern-Gerlach type of device, but the finite size of the beam results in an uncertainty of the splitting force that is comparable with the gradient force. The result is that no definite spin measurement can be made. Recently there has been a revival of interest in this problem, and we will present our own analysis and quantum-mechanical wave-packet calculations which suggest that a spin measurement is possible for a careful choice of initial conditions

Abuse-related Behavioral Effects of Oxycodone in the Mouse and their Modulation by HIV-1 Tat Expression

Abuse of prescription opioids has become epidemic and oxycodone is among the most frequently abused of these drugs. Opioid misuse is a risk factor for HIV infection and its chronic use by HIV-infected individuals can be accompanied by worsened progression to AIDS, cellular damage, and behavioral deficits collectively termed “neuroAIDS”. This toxicity is likely attributable, in part, to the interaction of opioids with the neurotoxic HIV-1 Tat protein. The ultimate objective of this dissertation was to characterize the interaction of HIV-1 Tat expression with the abuse-related effects of oxycodone. Physical dependence, drug self-administration, and sensitization are three classes of phenomena observed in laboratory animals suggested to have relevance to opioid dependency. There have been few reports of oxycodone\u27s physical dependence, self-administration, or its sensitization effects in mice; therefore, the initial objective of the present studies was to establish methodologies in the mouse to characterize these effects. Subsequently, these methodologies would be applied to examine the effects of HIV-1 Tat expression on these abuse-related phenomena. A novel escalating dosing regimen (9-33 mg/kg, s.c.) of oxycodone was developed to induce physical dependence in which naloxone dose-dependently (0.1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) increased somatic signs of withdrawal. In other mice administered a similar regimen, precipitated withdrawal effects were observed using the acoustic startle response and its related measure, habituation. These oxycodone regimens also produced evidence of locomotor sensitization. Using a novel oral operant self-administration procedure, C57BL/6J mice volitionally consumed oxycodone solutions (0.056-1.0 mg/ml) under post-prandial conditions to behaviorally-active levels (i.e., produced hyperlocomotion and Straub tail). Subsequently, HIV-1 Tat-expressing mice were examined under these behavioral conditions. HIV-1 Tat-expressing mice showed altered oxycodone abuse-related effects relative to non-expressing mice in that they: (i) increased oral oxycodone self-administration, (ii) had attenuated oxycodone physical dependence-related effects as measured by acoustic startle and habituation, and (iii) had blunted expression of oxycodone locomotor sensitization. Together, these effects are consistent with previous findings of reduced morphine efficacy and dependence in Tat-expressing mice, and suggest that opioid sensitivity is reduced by HIV-1 Tat. Further studies are needed to determine the rate at which opioid sensitivity is altered by HIV-1 Tat expression

Assessing the controls of the fluoride concentrations in the groundwater of Gothenburg area

The human uptake of fluoride can promote healthy teeth in low concentration (<1.5 mg/l) or cause fluorosis when concentration is high (>1.5 mg/l). Drinking water is a major route to which we humans are expose to fluoride intake. The work presented in this thesis was carried out along the west coast of the Gothenburg area exploring the sources of fluoride in groundwater, the controls the fluoride groundwater concentration and its risks for human health. To this end, we used the water analysis from 2537 private wells and evaluated the relation of their fluoride content to the geological units. Higher concentrations of fluoride in groundwater were related to basement rocks especially granitic rocks, whereas the dissolution of the fluoride-bearing biotite, hornblende, and fluorite were mainly responsible for the fluoride accumulation in groundwater. The concentration of fluoride in the collected samples ranged between 0 mg/l to 16 mg/l with most of the samples ranging mainly between 0 - 8.9 mg/l with a small number of samples ranging between 10 - 16 mg/l. At least 17% of the household were at risk of mild to severe fluorosis upon consumption of water that contain fluoride concentration higher than the 1.5mg/l limit. A high number of private wells located in the Bohus granite showed to contain high fluoride concentration. This high fluoride concentration was shown to be associated with high radioactive measurements of uranium and thorium because of their late crystallisation during the magma fractionating process. Moreover, calculations of saturation indices for fluoride-bearing minerals using PHREEQC revealed that fluorite was the only mineral at or close to saturation. This showed that the maximal fluoride concentration in groundwater in the Gothenburg area is likely solubility controlled by the mineral fluorite in all different rock units

JUMAT AGUNG: PERAYAAN AMBIGU ANTARA LITURGI DAN KESALEHAN UMAT?

Liturgy and Popular Piety flourish and growing in the life of the faithful. The relationship between them evolving and affect each other. Liturgy are in a higher level when compared with the Popular Piety. However, in the practice often equated Liturgy, and even under the domination of the Popular Piety. Different meaning, mutually influential. Therefore, the most important thing here that we know the meaning correctly, so there is no deviation. An ambiguous celebration celebrated, because it is influenced by a variety of domination popular piety. The most important thing is shown that the extent to which the Popular Piety affected also to supports the Liturgy or the Liturgy itself can develop its own without the Popular Piety. Good Friday are in two rhythm between Liturgy and popular piety. Good Friday is a part of the celebration of Easter, which is celebrated differently. Look different, but it has a deep meaning in the journey towards Easter of Christ

Foretaksstraff - Rettslige begrensninger i adgangen til å ilegge foretaksstraff på objektivt grunnlag og uten hensyn til skyld

Avhandlingen omhandler rettslige begrensninger for ileggelse av foretaksstraff på objektivt grunnlag. Etter strl. § 27 kan foretak straffes for straffbare handlinger begått av dets representanter, uavhengig om gjerningspersonen har utvist subjektiv skyld. Hovedproblemstillingen er hvorvidt dette er forenelig med skyldprinsippet, uskyldspresumsjonen og lovprinsippet i strafferetten. Foretaksstraffinstituttet har lenge vært gjenstand for kritikk i juridisk teori, og som følge av nyere EMD-praksis, er det anledning til å komme med klarere konklusjoner vedrørende hvordan foretaksstraff bør praktiseres