Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales

Timing of activity can reveal an organism's efforts to optimize foraging either by minimizing energy loss through passive movement or by maximizing energetic gain through foraging. Here, we assess whether signals of either of these strategies are detectable in the timing of activity of daily, local movements by birds. We compare the similarities of timing of movement activity among species using six temporal variables: start of activity relative to sunrise, end of activity relative to sunset, relative speed at midday, number of movement bouts, bout duration and proportion of active daytime hours. We test for the influence of flight mode and foraging habitat on the timing of movement activity across avian guilds. We used 64 570 days of GPS movement data collected between 2002 and 2019 for local (non‐migratory) movements of 991 birds from 49 species, representing 14 orders. Dissimilarity among daily activity patterns was best explained by flight mode. Terrestrial soaring birds began activity later and stopped activity earlier than pelagic soaring or flapping birds. Broad‐scale foraging habitat explained less of the clustering patterns because of divergent timing of active periods of pelagic surface and diving foragers. Among pelagic birds, surface foragers were active throughout all 24 hrs of the day while diving foragers matched their active hours more closely to daylight hours. Pelagic surface foragers also had the greatest daily foraging distances, which was consistent with their daytime activity patterns. This study demonstrates that flight mode and foraging habitat influence temporal patterns of daily movement activity of birds.We thank the Nature Conservancy, the Bailey Wildlife Foundation, the Bluestone Foundation, the Ocean View Foundation, Biodiversity Research Institute, the Maine Outdoor Heritage Fund, the Davis Conservation Foundation and The U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐EE0005362), and the Darwin Initiative (19-026), EDP S.A. ‘Fundação para a Biodiversidade’ and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (DL57/2019/CP 1440/CT 0021), Enterprise St Helena (ESH), Friends of National Zoo Conservation Research Grant Program and Conservation Nation, ConocoPhillips Global Signature Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cellular Tracking Technologies and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary for providing funding and in-kind support for the GPS data used in our analyses

Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this recordData Availability statement: R code used in analyses can be accessed at datadryad.com. Most of the data used are publicly available at www.movebank.orgTiming of activity can reveal an organism's efforts to optimize foraging either by minimizing energy loss through passive movement or by maximizing energetic gain through foraging. Here, we assess whether signals of either of these strategies are detectable in the timing of activity of daily, local movements by birds. We compare the similarities of timing of movement activity among species using six temporal variables: start of activity relative to sunrise, end of activity relative to sunset, relative speed at midday, number of movement bouts, bout duration, and proportion of active daytime hours. We test for the influence of flight mode and foraging habitat on the timing of movement activity across avian guilds. We used 64570 days of GPS movement data collected between 2002 and 2019 for local (non‐migratory) movements of 991 birds from 49 species, representing 14 orders. Dissimilarity among daily activity patterns was best explained by flight mode. Terrestrial soaring birds began activity later and stopped activity earlier than pelagic soaring or flapping birds. Broad‐scale foraging habitat explained less of the clustering patterns because of divergent timing of active periods of pelagic surface and diving foragers. Among pelagic birds, surface foragers were active throughout the day while diving foragers matched their active hours more closely to daylight hours. Pelagic surface foragers also had the greatest daily foraging distances, which was consistent with their daytime activity patterns. This study demonstrates that flight mode and foraging habitat influence temporal patterns of daily movement activity of birds.Nature ConservancyBailey Wildlife FoundationBluestone FoundationOcean View FoundationBiodiversity Research InstituteMaine Outdoor Heritage FundDavis Conservation FoundationUS Department of EnergyDarwin InitiativePortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)Enterprise St Helena (ESH)Hawk Mountain Sanctuar

Mise à disposition et géolocalisation d’auto- injecteurs d’adrénaline dans les lieux publics : un projet d’avenir ?

Importance : L’anaphylaxie est une condition rare, souvent sous-diagnostiquée, et en augmentation dans le monde ces dernières années. Elle peut être fatale dans les 5 à 30 minutes suivant le contact avec l’allergène et mène souvent à des hospitalisations. La pierre angulaire du traitement de l’anaphylaxie est l'adrénaline par voie intramusculaire, mais les auto-injecteurs ne sont souvent pas accessibles ou pas utilisés malgré leur disponibilité au moment de la réaction. Objectif : Trois questions sont posées dans ce travail. La première est d’évaluer la pertinence et la faisabilité d’un programme de mise à disposition d’auto-injecteurs d’adrénaline en lieux publics couplée à une géolocalisation par la centrale d’appels d’urgence 144 Vaud-Neuchâtel. Si ce projet était estimé comme pertinent, il s’agit de déterminer quels lieux sont les plus concernés par les allergies et anaphylaxies. Et finalement, d’évaluer la performance des régulateurs-trices de la centrale 144. Méthode : L’étude s’organise en deux axes. Le premier est basé sur la littérature, la recherche de systèmes similaires existants et aussi sur la base d’entretiens menés avec plusieurs spécialistes multi-disciplinaires. Le second est un axe de recherche rétrospectif par la construction d’une base de données à la suite de la réécoute des appels classés comme allergies et anaphylaxies par les régulateurs-trices du 144, durant la période du 12.02.2018 au 31.12.2019. Résultats : Sur la base de 120'618 appels reçus, toute cause confondue, par la centrale 144 Vaud-Neuchâtel pendant la période étudiée, 611 appels classés comme allergies et/ou anaphylaxies par les régulateurs-trices du 144 sont retenus dans la base de données, dont 437 classés sont considérés comme des « anaphylaxies vraies » a posteriori selon les critères de l’équipe de réécoute des appels. L’incidence de l’anaphylaxie retrouvée dans cette étude est de 24,4 cas/100'000 habitants/an. Parmi les 611 réactions allergiques/anaphylactiques, 28% sont des appels passés depuis des lieux publics dont les plus fréquents sont les écoles, les infrastructures sportives et les pharmacies. Pour les cas d’anaphylaxie, estimés être vrais selon l’équipe de réécoute des appels du 144, les auto-injecteurs d’adrénaline étaient indiqués comme accessibles dans 29% des cas et notifiés comme administrés dans 22% des cas, que ce soit avant ou pendant l’appel. Les régulateurs-trices du 144 ont proposé l’utilisation d’adrénaline intramusculaire dans 36% des cas classés à posteriori comme anaphylaxies. Sur les cas d’anaphylaxies vraies, où l’adrénaline était accessible et potentiellement utilisable pendant l’appel (45/437 cas), les appelants ont injecté l’adrénaline dans 89% (16 injections sur 18 PAGS) des cas lorsque le PAGS était fait et dans 55% lorsqu’il n’est pas fait (15 injections sur 27 cas sans PAGS). L’assistance par PAGS (Procédure d’Aide à la Gestion des Secours) a été dispensé à 47% des cas où l’adrénaline était potentiellement utilisable durant l’appel. Conclusion : D’après la réécoute des appels du 144, les auto-injecteurs d’adrénaline sont encore inaccessibles pour la plupart des victimes d’anaphylaxie en préhospitalier. Les cas considérés comme étant des anaphylaxies vraies, a posteriori par l’équipe de réécoute, ont tendance a être sous-estimé par les régulateurs-trices de la centrale 144 Vaud-Neuchâtel, notamment par le manque d’investigation systématique de symptômes. Le PAGS a été pratiqué par les régulateurs-trices dans moins de la moitié des cas d’anaphylaxies vraies, et peut être un facteur déterminant dans l’injection ou non d’adrénaline intramusculaire. Une formation ciblée à l’interne de la centrale et une remise à jour du PAGS pourrait potentialiser le nombre d’injections à l’avenir. Sur la base des résultats de cette étude et des projets pilotes existants dans le monde, les auteurs de l’étude proposent la mise à disposition d’auto- injecteurs d’adrénaline dans les lieux publics les plus fréquemment impliqués dans cette étude, spécialement dans les écoles

Underuse of Epinephrine for the Treatment of Anaphylaxis in the Prehospital Setting.

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening reaction. Its key management is rapid diagnosis and prompt administration of intramuscular epinephrine. There are many barriers to epinephrine use. To assess the performance of dispatchers at suspecting anaphylaxis, proposing epinephrine treatment, helping find an epinephrine autoinjector (EAI) and using it. This is a retrospective study. Calls classified as "anaphylaxis" or "allergy" were included, and voice recordings were reviewed. Clinical, environmental, and operational variables were collected. Anaphylaxis was suspected if sudden dyspnoea, abdominal symptoms (vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhoea), dizziness, or loss of consciousness were present. The dispatch handled 120,618 dispatch calls. Dispatchers suspected 611 (0.5%) cases of allergy. Among those, 437 (72%) were deemed consistent with anaphylaxis: 65 patients received epinephrine prior to the dispatcher's advice, and dispatchers proposed the use of an EAI to 141 patients (38%). An EAI was available in 45 situations. The proposition was accepted on 18 cases and performed in 16 cases. The median time from the EAI being in hand and the injection was 50 seconds. Trained dispatchers are able to suspect anaphylaxis, decide when to treat and provide guidance on using an EAI, although their performance can be improved. There is a need for easier access to EAIs in public places

Large birds travel farther in homogeneous environments

Aim: Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location: Global. Time period: 2003–2015. Major taxa studied: Birds. Methods: We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight‐line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. For each individual and time‐scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results: We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non‐migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions: We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs.National Trust for Scotland; Penguin Foundation; The U.S. Department of Energy, Grant/Award Number: DE-EE0005362; Australian Research Council; NASA's Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE), Grant/Award Number: NNX15AV92A; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Grant/Award Number: VIDI 864.10.006; BCC; NSF Award, Grant/Award Number: ABI-1458748; U.K. Department for Energy and Climate Change; ‘Juan de la Cierva ‐ Incorporación’ postdoctoral grant; Irish Research Council, Grant/Award Number: GOIPD/2015/81 ; DECC; Goethe International Postdoctoral Programme, People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007‐2013/ under REA grant agreement no [291776]; German Aerospace Center Award, Grant/Award Number: 50JR1601; Scottish Natural Heritage; Solway Coast AONB Sustainable Development Fund; COWRIE Ltd.; Heritage Lottery Fund; Robert Bosch Stiftung; NSF Division of Biological Infrastructure Award, Grant/Award Number: 1564380; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant/Award Number: IJCI-2014-19190; Energinet.dk; NASA Award, Grant/Award Number: NNX15AV92A; MAVA Foundation; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: SFRH/BPD/118635/2016; National Key R&D Program of China, Grant/Award Number: 2016YFC0500406; Green Fund of the Greek Ministry of Environmen