Εξέλιξη νομικού πλαισίου έκδοσης οικοδομικών αδειών και ελέγχου κατασκευών - Ευθύνη εμπλεκομένων μερών

155 σ.Με την παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία επιχειρείται η παρουσίαση των βασικών αλλαγών και βελτιώσεων που επιφέρει στην έκδοση οικοδομικών αδειών και τον συνακόλουθο έλεγχο των κατασκευών ο νόμος 4030/2011 (ΦΕΚ 249Α΄/25-9-2011) «Νέος τρόπος έκδοσης αδειών Δόμησης, ελέγχου κατασκευών και λοιπές διατάξεις.», με τον οποίο αντικαθίσταται το «απερχόμενο» Προεδρικό Διάταγμα της 8/13.7.1993 που ίσχυσε για περίπου μια εικοσαετία σε συνδυασμό με τον ΓΟΚ ’85 και επηρέασε αποφασιστικά την παραγωγή έργων στην ελληνική επικράτεια, δημιουργώντας το σημερινό ελληνικό οικιστικό τοπίο. Παρουσιάζονται τα κυριότερα ερμηνευτικά έγγραφα και η επίδρασή τους στην εφαρμογή του νόμου. Παρουσιάζεται ,επίσης, εν συντομία η προ του έτους 1993 νομοθεσία εκδόσεως αδειών και ελέγχου κατασκευών και αναλύονται οι βασικές διαφορές τους. Σκιαγραφείται η σκοπιά του νομοθέτη ως προς την ευθύνη των εμπλεκομένων μερών (μηχανικού, ιδιοκτήτη, Διοίκησης). Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται το σχέδιο Προεδρικού Διατάγματος για την εφαρμογή της Ηλεκτρονικής Ταυτότητας Κτιρίου που βρίσκεται υπό επεξεργασία στο Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας.This thesis aims to present the main changes and improvements to the issuance of building permits and the subsequent control of constructions brought by the law 4030/2011 (ΟGG 249A΄/ 25-9-2011) "New Way of Building licensing, costruction audit and other provisions.", which replaced the "outgoing" Presidential Decree of 8/13.7.1993 which ran for about twenty years in conjunction with Building Code '85 and decisively influenced the production of works in Greece, creating the current residential landscape. We present the main interpretive documents and their impact on the implementation of the law. We, also, present the legislation prior to year 1993 and analyze their key differences. We outline the legislature’s perspective as to the responsibility of the parties involved (Engineer, Owner, Administration). Finally we present the draft Presidential Decree on the implementation of the Electronic Identity of Buildings which is under development and consideration in the Council of State.Φραγκίσκος Ν. Επιτρόπουλο

Presbyopia:Effectiveness of correction strategies

Presbyopia is a global problem affecting over a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of unmanaged presbyopia is as high as 50% of those over 50 years of age in developing world populations due to a lack of awareness and accessibility to affordable treatment, and is even as high as 34% in developed countries. Definitions of presbyopia are inconsistent and varied, so we propose a redefinition that states “presbyopia occurs when the physiologically normal age-related reduction in the eye's focusing range reaches a point, when optimally corrected for distance vision, that the clarity of vision at near is insufficient to satisfy an individual's requirements”. Presbyopia is inevitable if one lives long enough, but intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors including cigarette smoking, pregnancy history, hyperopic or astigmatic refractive error, ultraviolet radiation, female sex (although accommodation is similar to males), hotter climates and some medical conditions such as diabetes can accelerate the onset of presbyopic symptoms. Whilst clinicians can ameliorate the symptoms of presbyopia with near vision spectacle correction, bifocal and progressive spectacle lenses, monovision, translating or multifocal contact lenses, monovision, extended depth of focus, multifocal (refractive, diffractive and asymmetric designs) or ‘accommodating’ intraocular lenses, corneal inlays, scleral expansion, laser refractive surgery (corneal monovision, corneal shrinkage, corneal multifocal profiles and lenticular softening), pharmacologic agents, and electro-stimulation of the ciliary muscle, none fully overcome presbyopia in all patients. While the restoration of natural accommodation or an equivalent remains elusive, guidance is gives on presbyopic correction evaluation techniques

Political travel across the ‘Iron Curtain’ and Communist youth identities in West Germany and Greece in the 1970s and 1980s

This article explores tours through the Iron Curtain arranged by West German and Greek pro-Soviet Communist youth groups, in an attempt to shed light on the transformation of European youth cultures beyond the ‘Americanisation’ story. It argues that the concept of the ‘black box’, employed by Rob Kroes to describe the influence of American cultural patterns on Western European youth, also applies to the reception of Eastern Bloc policies and norms by the Communists under study. Such selective reception was part of these groups’ efforts to devise a modernity alternative to the ‘capitalist’ one, an alternative modernity which tours across the Iron Curtain would help establish. Nevertheless, the organisers did not wish such travel to help eliminate American/Western influences on youth lifestyles entirely: the article analyses the excursions’ aims with regard to two core components of youth lifestyles in Western Europe since the 1960s, which have been affected by intra-Western flows, the spirit of ‘doing one’s own thing’ and transformations of sexual practices. The article also addresses the experience of the travellers in question, showing that they felt an unresolved tension: the tours neither served as a means of Sovietisation nor as an impulse to develop an openly anti-Soviet stance.PostprintPeer reviewe

Axial length measurement acquisition rates of two optical biometers in cataractous eyes

Alice EpitropoulosThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USAPurpose: To compare the ability of two optical biometers to acquire the axial length (AL) measurement in cataractous eyes.Methods: This prospective, comparative, single-center study comprised 105 eyes (63 patients). AL was acquired by the composite mean value of 20 measurements (composite-20 IM) and five measurements (composite-5 IM) (IOLMaster® 500 version 7.1 software), and the standard mean value of the first five measurements (standard-5 LS, Lenstar LS 900®). Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and average keratometry (K) readings were acquired. Results: AL was acquired in 83.8%, 92.4%, and 84.8% of eyes for the composite-5 IM, composite-20 IM, and standard-5 LS, respectively. Standard-5 LS AL measurements were significantly shorter (P<0.001). IOLMaster® 500-acquired ACD (corneal epithelium to lens) measurements were significantly shorter (P<0.001). IOLMaster® 500 average K measurements were significantly steeper (P<0.001). Conclusion: The composite-20 IM had the highest AL acquisition success rate of the three versions evaluated. AL, ACD, and average Ks were statistically different between the two biometers, although the differences were clinically insignificant.Keywords: cataract, biometry, IOL power calculatio

Visual and Refractive Outcomes of a Toric Presbyopia-Correcting Intraocular Lens

Purpose. To evaluate outcomes in astigmatic patients implanted with the Trulign (Bausch + Lomb) toric presbyopia-correcting intraocular lens (IOL) during cataract surgery in a clinical practice setting. Methods. Retrospective study in 40 eyes (31 patients) that underwent cataract extraction and IOL implantation in a procedure using intraoperative wavefront aberrometry guidance (ORA system). Endpoints included uncorrected visual acuity (VA), reduction in refractive cylinder, accuracy to target, axis orientation, and safety. Results. At postoperative month 1, refractive cylinder was ≤0.50 D in 97.5% of eyes (≤1.00 D in 100%), uncorrected distance VA was 20/25 or better in 95%, uncorrected intermediate VA was 20/25 or better in 95%, and uncorrected near VA was 20/40 (J3 equivalent) or better in 92.5%. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent was within 1.00 D of target in 95% of eyes and within 0.50 D in 82.5%. Lens rotation was <5° and best-corrected VA was 20/25 or better in all eyes. Conclusion. The IOL effectively reduced refractive cylinder and provided excellent uncorrected distance and intermediate vision and functional near vision. Refractive predictability and rotational stability were exceptional. Implantation of this toric presbyopia-correcting IOL using ORA intraoperative aberrometry provides excellent refractive and visual outcomes in a standard of care setting