Transcriptome pathways unique to dehydration tolerant relatives of modern wheat

Among abiotic stressors, drought is a major factor responsible for dramatic yield loss in agriculture. In order to reveal differences in global expression profiles of drought tolerant and sensitive wild emmer wheat genotypes, a previously deployed shock-like dehydration process was utilized to compare transcriptomes at two time points in root and leaf tissues using the Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Wheat Genome Array hybridization. The comparison of transcriptomes reveal several unique genes or expression patterns such as differential usage of IP(3)-dependent signal transduction pathways, ethylene- and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent signaling, and preferential or faster induction of ABA-dependent transcription factors by the tolerant genotype that distinguish contrasting genotypes indicative of distinctive stress response pathways. The data also show that wild emmer wheat is capable of engaging known drought stress responsive mechanisms. The global comparison of transcriptomes in the absence of and after dehydration underlined the gene networks especially in root tissues that may have been lost in the selection processes generating modern bread wheats

The Political Economy of Conditionality and the New Industrial Policy

Abstract Conditionality was a central concern in the development literature of the 1990s. With the massive expansion of targeted public support to private firms since the Great Financial Crisis, the question of conditionality is once again at the center of industrial policy debates. Despite the growing interest in the concept, the existing literature does not provide a systematic conceptualization of conditionality in the context of industrial policy, nor does it outline the political factors that facilitate the introduction of conditionality by state actors. This paper addresses this gap by offering a systematic political economy of conditionality. We provide an overview of the literature on conditionality, focusing on different industries, historical periods, and national contexts. In doing so, we make three contributions to the debate on industrial policy. First, we distinguish between two broad instruments of conditionality: performance standards and corporate control devices. Next, we map the coalitional, institutional, ideational, and global contextual factors that facilitate conditionality. Finally, we offer two vignettes of recent industrial policy initiatives in the EU and the US as illustrative cases. We make two arguments. First, the presence of conditionality is not primarily a technical matter of political design, but is shaped by combinations of political economy factors. Second, industrial policy conditionality provides an important theoretical lens for assessing how and where the recent revival of state activism represents a substantive break from the neoliberal order.ZusammenfassungKonditionalität war ein zentrales Thema der Literatur zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der 1990er-Jahre. Mit der massiven Ausweitung der gezielten öffentlichen Unterstützung für Privatunternehmen seit der Finanzkrise 2008 steht die Frage der Konditionalität wieder im Mittelpunkt industriepolitischer Debatten. Trotz des wachsenden Interesses am Problem der Konditionalität bietet die vorhandene Literatur weder eine systematische Konzeptualisierung im Kontext der Industriepolitik noch beschreibt sie die politischen Faktoren, die die Einführung von Konditionalitäten durch staatliche Akteure begünstigen. Dieser Aufsatz schließt diese Lücke, indem er eine systematische politische Ökonomie industriepolitischer Konditionalität entwickelt. Wir geben einen Überblick über die Literatur zur Konditionalität und konzentrieren uns dabei auf verschiedene Branchen, historische Zeiträume und nationale Kontexte. Wir leisten drei Beiträge zur Debatte zur Industriepolitik: Erstens unterscheiden wir zwischen zwei umfassenden Instrumenten der Konditionalität: Leistungsstandards und Bedingungen zur Unternehmenskontrolle. Zweitens arbeiten wir die koalitionellen, institutionellen, ideellen und globalen Kontextfaktoren heraus, die Konditionalität begünstigen. Drittens illustrieren wir die Nützlichkeit unserer konzeptuellen Überlegungen am Beispiel von zwei gegenwärtigen industriepolitischen Initiativen in der EU und den USA. Unser Aufsatz entwickelt zwei übergreifende Argumente. Erstens ist das Vorhandensein von Konditionalität nicht in erster Linie eine technische Frage der politischen Gestaltung, sondern wird durch eine Kombination von politisch-ökonomischen Faktoren bedingt. Zweitens bieten industriepolitische Konditionalitäten eine wichtige theoretische Grundlage, um zu beurteilen, wie und wo die viel diskutierte Wiederbelebung staatlicher Interventionen in die Wirtschaft einen substanziellen Bruch mit der neoliberalen Ordnung darstellt.1 Introduction 2 Conditionality: What is it and why does it matter? 3 Varieties of conditionality Performance standards Corporate control 4 Unpacking the political economy of conditionality Institutional factors for the implementation of conditionality Coalitional factors for the implementation of conditionality Ideational factors for the introduction of conditionality From unit to system: global factors and conditionality 5 Back to the unit: The politics of conditionality in the new industrial policy Conditionality and the political economy of Bidenomics The political economy of (weaker) conditionality in the EU 6 Conclusion Reference

Regulating via Conditionality: The Instruments of the New Industrial Policy

Conditionality was a central concern in the development literature of the 1990s. With the significant expansion of targeted public support to private firms since the Great Financial Crisis, the issue of conditionality has once again become a focal point in industrial policy debates. Despite the growing interest in the concept, the existing literature lacks a systematic conceptualization of conditionality within the context of industrial policy and does not outline the political factors that enable state actors to introduce it. This article addresses this gap by critically reviewing the existing literature and providing a systematic political economy of conditionality. We offer an overview of the literature on conditionality, examining different industries, historical periods, and national contexts. In doing so, we make three key contributions to the debate on industrial policy and regulatory instruments more broadly. First, we distinguish between two broad approaches to encoding conditionality in industrial policy: hard-coding and soft-coding. Next, we map the coalitional, institutional, ideational, and global contextual factors that facilitate conditionality. Finally, we present two vignettes of recent industrial policy initiatives in the European Union and the United States as illustrative cases. This conceptual exercise, intended to lay the foundation for future causal research on conditionality, demonstrates that the presence of conditionality is not merely a technical matter of political design but is instead shaped by configurations of political economy factors.1 Introduction 2 Conditionality: What Is It and Why Does It Matter? 3 Varieties of Conditionality: Hard-Coded and Soft-Coded Instruments 4 Unpacking the Political Economy of Conditionality 5 Back to the Unit: The Politics of Conditionality in the New Industrial Policy 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments Reference

The osteogenic differentiation via conditioned medium of human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell: an experimental study

50th European-Society-of-Human-Genetics (ESHG) Conference -- MAY 27-30, 2017 -- Copenhagen, DENMARK[Abstract Not Available]European Soc Human Gene

Interactions between metals accumulated in the narrow-clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) in Dikilitaş Lake, Turkey

The accumulations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the exoskeleton, gills, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscles of crayfish Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) were determined. The strongest correlation observed was between Cr and Ni in the gills (r = 0.904); moderate to strong correlations between Al, Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu were also observed in gill tissue. Disregarding the gills, the strongest correlation was found between Cu and Zn in the hepatopancreas (r = 0.808); the correlation between these two metals might have been a result of metallothionein activity. The accumulation of Pb was found to correlate with that of Cd in the exoskeleton, Cd and Zn in the gills, Zn and Cu in the hepatopancreas and Cu in the abdominal muscle. None of these correlations were present in lakewater and sediment samples, suggesting that the crayfish metabolism may be responsible for the co-accumulation of metal–metal pairs. As all correlations in non-gill tissues are observed between divalent metals, a shared transporter such as divalent metal transporter 1 might be involved in the accumulation of these metals. © 2015 Taylor & Francis

Sex-specific analysis in Behçet's disease reveals higher genetic risk in male patients

Objectives: Behçet's disease tends to be more severe in men than women. This study was undertaken to investigate sex-specific genetic effects in Behçet's disease. Methods: A total of 1762 male and 1216 female patients with Behçet's disease from six diverse populations were studied, with the majority of patients of Turkish origin. Genotyping was performed using an Infinium ImmunoArray-24 BeadChip, or extracted from available genotyping data. Following imputation and extensive quality control measures, genome-wide association analysis was performed comparing male to female patients in the Turkish cohort, followed by a meta-analysis of significant results in all six populations. In addition, a weighted genetic risk score for Behçet's disease was calculated and compared between male and female patients. Results: Genetic association analysis comparing male to female patients with Behçet's disease from Turkey revealed an association with male sex in HLA-B/MICA within the HLA region with a GWAS level of significance (rs2848712, OR = 1.46, P = 1.22 × 10−8). Meta-analysis of the effect in rs2848712 across six populations confirmed these results. Genetic risk score for Behçet's disease was significantly higher in male compared to female patients from Turkey. Higher genetic risk for Behçet's disease was observed in male patients in HLA-B/MICA (rs116799036, OR = 1.45, P = 1.95 × 10−8), HLA-C (rs12525170, OR = 1.46, P = 5.66 × 10−7), and KLRC4 (rs2617170, OR = 1.20, P = 0.019). In contrast, IFNGR1 (rs4896243, OR = 0.86, P = 0.011) was shown to confer higher genetic risk in female patients. Conclusions: Male patients with Behçet's disease are characterized by higher genetic risk compared to female patients. This genetic difference, primarily derived from our Turkish cohort, is largely explained by risk within the HLA region. These data suggest that genetic factors might contribute to differences in disease presentation between men and women with Behçet's disease