Neural Machine Translation into Language Varieties

Both research and commercial machine translation have so far neglected the importance of properly handling the spelling, lexical and grammar divergences occurring among language varieties. Notable cases are standard national varieties such as Brazilian and European Portuguese, and Canadian and European French, which popular online machine translation services are not keeping distinct. We show that an evident side effect of modeling such varieties as unique classes is the generation of inconsistent translations. In this work, we investigate the problem of training neural machine translation from English to specific pairs of language varieties, assuming both labeled and unlabeled parallel texts, and low-resource conditions. We report experiments from English to two pairs of dialects, EuropeanBrazilian Portuguese and European-Canadian French, and two pairs of standardized varieties, Croatian-Serbian and Indonesian-Malay. We show significant BLEU score improvements over baseline systems when translation into similar languages is learned as a multilingual task with shared representations.Comment: Published at EMNLP 2018: third conference on machine translation (WMT 2018

The effect of the relative nuclear size on the nucleus-nucleus interactions

The experimental data on the interactions of light nuclei (d, He(4), C(12)) at the momentum 4.2 GeV/cA with the carbon nuclei were taken in the 2-m propane bubble chamber. The distributions in the number of interacting nucleons, the spectra of protons, the mean energies of secondary pions and protons, the mean fractions of energy transferred to the pion and nucleon components are presented. The results of the investigation of the mechanism of nucleus-nucleus interactions can be used to calculate the nuclear cascades in the atmosphere

Transfer Learning in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Dynamic Vocabulary

We propose a method to transfer knowledge across neural machine translation (NMT) models by means of a shared dynamic vocabulary. Our approach allows to extend an initial model for a given language pair to cover new languages by adapting its vocabulary as long as new data become available (i.e., introducing new vocabulary items if they are not included in the initial model). The parameter transfer mechanism is evaluated in two scenarios: i) to adapt a trained single language NMT system to work with a new language pair and ii) to continuously add new language pairs to grow to a multilingual NMT system. In both the scenarios our goal is to improve the translation performance, while minimizing the training convergence time. Preliminary experiments spanning five languages with different training data sizes (i.e., 5k and 50k parallel sentences) show a significant performance gain ranging from +3.85 up to +13.63 BLEU in different language directions. Moreover, when compared with training an NMT model from scratch, our transfer-learning approach allows us to reach higher performance after training up to 4% of the total training steps.Comment: Published at the International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT), 201

Quark Model and Neutral Strange Secondary Production by Neutrino and Antineutrino Beams

The experimental data on $K^0$ and $\Lambda$ production by $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ beams are compared with the predictions of quark model assuming that the direct production of secondaries dominates. Disagreement of these predictions with the data allows one to suppose that there exists considerable resonance decay contribution to the multiplicities of produced secondaries.Comment: 6 pages, no figures, 2 table

Constraints on the resistivity of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere from seafloor ocean tidal electromagnetic measurements

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2019. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International, 219(1), (2019): 464-478, doi:10.1093/gji/ggz315.The electromagnetic (EM) field generated by ocean tidal flow is readily detectable in both satellite magnetic field data, and in ocean-bottom measurements of electric and magnetic fields. The availability of accurate charts of tidal currents, constrained by assimilation of modern satellite altimetry data, opens the possibility of using tidal EM fields as a source to image mantle electrical resistivity beneath the ocean basins, as highlighted by the recent success in defining the globally averaged lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) with satellite data. In fact, seafloor EM data would be expected to provide better constraints on the structure of resistive oceanic lithosphere, since the toroidal magnetic mode, which can constrain resistive features, is a significant component of the tidal EM field within the ocean, but is absent above the surface (in particular in satellite data). Here we consider this issue in more detail, using a combination of simplified theoretical analysis and 1-D and 3-D numerical modelling to provide a thorough discussion of the sensitivity of satellite and seafloor data to subsurface electrical structure. As part of this effort, and as a step toward 3-D inversion of seafloor tidal data, we have developed a new flexible 3-D spherical-coordinate finite difference scheme for both global and regional scale modelling, with higher resolution models nested in larger scale solutions. We use the new 3-D model, together with Monte Carlo simulations of errors in tidal current estimates, to provide a quantitative assessment of errors in the computed tidal EM signal caused by uncertainty in the tidal source. Over the open ocean this component of error is below 0.01 nT in Bz at satellite height and 0.05 nT in Bx on the seafloor, well below typical signal levels. However, as coastlines are approached error levels can increase substantially. Both analytical and 3-D modelling demonstrate that the seafloor magnetic field is most sensitive to the lithospheric resistance (the product of resistivity and thickness), and is more weakly influenced (primarily in the phase) by resistivity of the underlying asthenosphere. Satellite data, which contain only the poloidal magnetic mode, are more sensitive to the conductive asthenosphere, but have little sensitivity to lithospheric resistance. For both seafloor and satellite data’s changes due to plausible variations in Earth parameters are well above error levels associated with source uncertainty, at least in the ocean interior. Although the 3-D modelling results are qualitatively consistent with theoretical analysis, the presence of coastlines and bathymetric variations generates a complex response, confirming that quantitative interpretation of ocean tidal EM fields will require a 3-D treatment. As an illustration of the nested 3-D scheme, seafloor data at five magnetic and seven electric stations in the northeastern Pacific (41○N, 165○W) are fit with trial-and-error forward modelling of a local domain. The simulation results indicate that the lithospheric resistance is roughly 7 × 108 Ωm2. The phase of the seafloor data in this region are inconsistent with a sharp transition between the resistive lithosphere and conductive asthenosphere.This work has been supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grants 41804072 and 41574104, and NSF grant EAR-1447109. Special thanks to Dr Benjamin Murphy who provided the conductivity-depth profile for 1-D earth model, Dr Min Ding who provided valuable discussion about the oceanic lithosphere and Dr Jeffery Love who provided comments on the stylistics of the manuscript

The Atlantic Water boundary current north of Svalbard in late summer

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 2269–2290, doi:10.1002/2016JC012486.Data from a shipboard hydrographic/velocity survey carried out in September 2013 of the region north of Svalbard in the Nansen Basin are analyzed to characterize the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current as it flows eastward along the continental slope. Eight meridional transects across the current, spanning an alongstream distance of 180 km, allow for a detailed description of the current and the regional water masses. During the survey the winds were light and there was no pack-ice. The mean section reveals that the boundary current was O(40 km) wide, surface-intensified, with a maximum velocity of 20 cm/s. Its mean transport during the survey was 3.11 ± 0.33 Sv, of which 2.31 ± 0.29 Sv was AW. This suggests that the two branches of AW entering the Arctic Ocean via Fram Strait—the Yermak Plateau branch and the Svalbard branch—have largely combined into a single current by 30°E. At this location the boundary current meanders with a systematic change in its kinematic structure during offshore excursions. A potential vorticity analysis indicates that the flow is baroclinically unstable, consistent with previous observations of AW anticyclones offshore of the current as well as the presence of a near-field cyclone in this data set. Our survey indicates that only a small portion of the boundary current is diverted into the Kvitøya Trough (0.17 ± 0.08 Sv) and that the AW temperature/salinity signal is quickly eroded within the trough.National Science Foundation Grant Number: ARC-12640982017-09-2

Technical Safety Barrier Assessment of Liquid Hydrogen Storage System

Overgangen til bærekraftige og fornybare energikilder er avgjørende for å ta tak i globale klimaendringer og reduksjon av klimagassutslipp. En nøkkelkomponent i dette energiskiftet er hydrogen, som er rikelig og har ingen utslipp. Men det er spesielle utfordringer med å lagre flytende hydrogen, spesielt når det kommer til pålitelighet og sikkerhet. I denne masteroppgaven gjennomføres den tekniske sikkerhetsbarrierevurderingen av lagringssystem for flytende hydrogen, med spesielt fokus på trykkavlastningsventiler og deres pålitelighet og evne til å utføre sine sikkerhetsfunksjoner etter behov. Overtrykksventiler tjener til å forhindre avblåsning, overtrykk og påfølgende hydrogenlekkasje. Denne studien benytter en probabilistisk metode for å beregne trykkavlastningsventiler feilratene som er referert til fra pålitelighetsdatahåndboken, og bruker Markov-tilnærmingen for å evaluere trykkavlastningsventiler-systemets sannsynlighet for feil ved behov. To casestudier analyseres: et enkelt trykkavlastningsventiler-system (1oo1) og et redundant trykkavlastningsventiler-system (1oo2). Resultatene viser at begge systemene oppnår et sikkerhetsintegritetsnivå 3 og faller i den akseptable grønne sonen til akseptmatrisen i studien, noe som indikerer et høyt nivå av pålitelighet. Det er verdt å nevne at tidsintervallet mellom funksjonstesting for Saken 1 antas å være 1 måned (720 t), mens det for Saken 2 er 1 år (8760 t). Henholdsvis har enkelt trykkavlastningsventiler-systemet en sannsynlighet for feil ved behov verdi på 0,0009581448, mens det redundante systemet har en enda lavere sannsynlighet for feil ved behov verdi på 0,0002345374, noe som viser fordelene med redundans for å øke sikkerheten. Denne oppgaven bidrar til feltet gjennom å utføre en detaljert probabilistisk analyse av trykkavlastningsventiler i flytende hydrogenlagring, som gir innsikt i deres pålitelighet og tilstrekkelig egnethet som sikkerhetsbarrierer. Funnene kan bidra til å forbedre sikkerhetsstandarder og pålitelighetsvurderinger for lagringssystemer for flytende hydrogen, noe som muliggjør større bruk av hydrogen som en ren energikilde. Videre, i denne rapporten foreslås fremtidige forskningsområder.The transition to sustainable and renewable energy sources is essential when addressing global climate change and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A key component of this energy shift is hydrogen, which is abundant and has no emissions. But there are particular challenges in storing liquid hydrogen, especially when it comes to reliability and safety. In this master's thesis, the technical safety barrier assessment of liquid hydrogen storage system is conducted, with a particular focus on pressure relief valves (PRVs) and their reliability and ability to perform their safety functions as required. Pressure relief valves serve to prevent blow-off, overpressure, and subsequent hydrogen leakage. This study employs a probabilistic method to recalculate the PRV failure rates that are referenced from the reliability data handbook and employs the Markov approach to evaluate the PRV system's probability of failure on demand (PFD). Two case studies are analyzed: a single PRV system (1oo1) and a redundant PRV system (1oo2). The results demonstrate that both systems achieve a Safety Integrity Level (SIL) 3 and fall in the acceptable green zone of the acceptance matrix in the study, indicating a high level of reliability. Furthermore, the time interval between functional testing for Case 1 is assumed to be 1 month (720h), while for Case 2 it is 1 year (8760h). Respectively, the single PRV system has a PFD value of 0.0009581448, whereas the redundant system has an even lower PFD value of 0.0002345374, demonstrating the advantages of redundancy for enhancing safety. This thesis contributes to the field by carrying out a detailed probabilistic analysis of pressure relief valves in liquid hydrogen storage, which provides insights into their reliability and adequate suitability as safety barriers. The findings can help enhance safety standards and reliability assessments for liquid hydrogen storage systems, enabling greater application of hydrogen as a clean energy source. Furthermore, in this report, the future areas of research are suggested

Revised circulation scheme North of the Denmark Strait

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier Ltd. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 79 (2013): 20-39, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.05.007.The circulation and water mass transports north of the Denmark Strait are investigated using recently collected and historical in-situ data along with an idealized numerical model and atmospheric reanalysis fields. Emphasis is placed on the pathways of dense water feeding theDenmark StraitOverflowWater plume as well as the upper-layer circulation of freshwater. It is found that the East Greenland Current (EGC) bifurcates at the northern end of the Blosseville Basin, some 450 km upstream of the Denmark Strait, advecting overflow water and surface freshwater away from the boundary. This “separated EGC” flows southward adjacent to the previously identified North Icelandic Jet, indicating that approximately 70% of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water approaches the sill along the Iceland continental slope. Roughly a quarter of the freshwater transport of the EGC is diverted offshore via the bifurcation. Two hypotheses are examined to explain the existence of the separated EGC. The atmospheric fields demonstrate that flow distortion due to the orography of Greenland imparts significant vorticity into the ocean in this region. The negative wind stress curl, together with the closed bathymetric contours of the Blosseville Basin, is conducive for spinning up an anti-cyclonic gyre whose offshore branch could represent the separated EGC. An idealized numerical simulation suggests instead that the current is primarily eddy-forced. In particular, baroclinic instability of the model EGC spawns large anticyclones that migrate offshore and coalesce upon reaching the Iceland continental slope, resulting in the separated EGC. Regardless of the formation mechanism, the recently obtained shipboard data and historical hydrography both indicate that the separated EGC is a permanent feature of the circulation north of the Denmark Strait.Support for this work was provided by the Norwegian Research Council (KV), the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013) under grant agreement n.308299 NACLIM Project (KV), US National Science Foundation grants OCE-0959381 (RP, MS, DT) and OCE-0850416 (MS), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (KM)

Multi-wavelength observations of afterglow of GRB 080319B and the modeling constraints

We present observations of the afterglow of GRB 080319B at optical, mm and radio frequencies from a few hours to 67 days after the burst. Present observations along with other published multi-wavelength data have been used to study the light-curves and spectral energy distributions of the burst afterglow. The nature of this brightest cosmic explosion has been explored based on the observed properties and it's comparison with the afterglow models. Our results show that the observed features of the afterglow fits equally good with the Inter Stellar Matter and the Stellar Wind density profiles of the circum-burst medium. In case of both density profiles, location of the maximum synchrotron frequency $\nu_m$ is below optical and the value of cooling break frequency $\nu_c$ is below $X-$rays, $\sim 10^{4}$s after the burst. Also, the derived value of the Lorentz factor at the time of naked eye brightness is $\sim 300$ with the corresponding blast wave size of $\sim 10^{18}$ cm. The numerical fit to the multi-wavelength afterglow data constraints the values of physical parameters and the emission mechanism of the burst.Comment: 8 Pages, 3 Figures, Accepted for publication to Astronomy and Astrophysics on 02/04/200

СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ВАРЬИРОВАНИЕ В РЕГИОЛЕКТЕ

The subject of the research is variation of the frequency of phonetic and lexical regional-specific speech features under the influence of such social factors as gender, age, place of birth and education. The regiolect is the general features of speech of a rather vast region without dividing them into urban and rural; the research includes the Perm regiolect of the Russian language. The material for the study is spontaneous monologues received from residents of the Perm Region. This material demonstrates that phonetic and lexical regional features depend on the same social factors – “place of birth” and “age”. The frequency of i particular phonetic features is determined by the influence of various social factors; lexical regionalisms are more common among residents of non-central cities of the Perm Region and informants of the older generation.Предметом исследования в данной статье является вариативность частоты проявления фонетических и лексических региолектных особенностей речи под влиянием таких социальных факторов, как пол, возраст, место рождения и образование. Под региолектом понимаются общие особенности речи довольно обширного региона без подразделения их на городские и деревенские; исследование проводится на основе пермского региолекта русского языка. Материалом послужили спонтанные монологи, полученные от жителей Пермского края. Полученные данные показывают, что и фонетические, и лексические региолектные особенности зависят от одних и тех же социальных факторов – места рождения и возраста информантов. При этом выявлено, что частота отдельных фонетических особенностей речи определяется влиянием различных социальных факторов; лексические регионализмы чаще встречаются у жителей нецентральных городов Пермского края и информантов старшего поколения