Functional reconstruction of a eukaryotic-like E1/E2/(RING) E3 ubiquitylation cascade from an uncultured archaeon.

The covalent modification of protein substrates by ubiquitin regulates a diverse range of critical biological functions. Although it has been established that ubiquitin-like modifiers evolved from prokaryotic sulphur transfer proteins it is less clear how complex eukaryotic ubiquitylation system arose and diversified from these prokaryotic antecedents. The discovery of ubiquitin, E1-like, E2-like and small-RING finger (srfp) protein components in the Aigarchaeota and the Asgard archaea superphyla has provided a substantive step toward addressing this evolutionary question. Encoded in operons, these components are likely representative of the progenitor apparatus that founded the modern eukaryotic ubiquitin modification systems. Here we report that these proteins from the archaeon Candidatus 'Caldiarchaeum subterraneum' operate together as a bona fide ubiquitin modification system, mediating a sequential ubiquitylation cascade reminiscent of the eukaryotic process. Our observations support the hypothesis that complex eukaryotic ubiquitylation signalling pathways have developed from compact systems originally inherited from an archaeal ancestor

Lived Experiences of Young Adults with Developmental Disability in Public National High Schools

This study employed a transcendental phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of young adults with developmental disabilities during remote learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty-six participants aged 18-25, diagnosed with developmental disabilities, were purposively selected from Mandaue City SPED Center High School, Babag National High School, and Zapatera National High School. In-depth interviews revealed challenges in independent learning, limited social support, difficulties adapting to home environments, and communication barriers affecting well-being. Coping strategies like seeking assistance and managing emotions supported engagement. Remote modalities were insufficient without specialized aids. Individualized support addressing academic, socioemotional, and communication needs through flexible models was crucial for equitable participation. Recommendations included personalized learning plans, specialized instruction, technology support, social-emotional learning, enhanced communication, and program evaluation. Implementation through a matrix framework is proposed to support learners holistically and guide best practices. Further research is needed to enhance inclusive support for diverse student needs in evolving learning environments. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v14.i2.420

Mung beans (Vigna radiata) as a Main Component in Bioplastic Synthesis: An Exploratory Research

Non-biodegradable and single-use plastics became helpful to the masses, yet harmful to the environment. Thirty-five percent of plastics made for packaging, typically used once, are usually scattered or littered (Davis, 2015). Bioplastics are recently consolidated to potentially become an alternative to traditional plastics, which can reduce the dependency of plastic to petroleum and better disposal of plastic. With this in mind, investing in research and development with regards to bioplastics is much needed for our environment. Hence, promoting it as an advocacy should be uplifted (Thompson et al., 2009 cited in Pathak et al., 2014).This study aims to synthesize Mung beans (Vigna radiata) based bioplastic film as an alternative for non-biodegradable plastics gathering data on its properties using Solubility Test, Swelling Test, and Biodegradability Test.The result of the Solubility test revealed that the bioplastic material is soluble in the strongly acidic solvent and insoluble in the remaining solvents including distilled water after the soaking period. The Swelling test showed that there is a minimal difference in weight after the material was submerged in distilled water making it more preferable when it comes to manufacturing of bioplastic material. The Biodegradability test revealed that there is a massive change in weight after the soil burial period. Therefore, we conclude that the Mung bean starch based bioplastic film can be an alternative to singleuse and non-biodegradable plastics and can be a solution to the existing and rising environmental issues caused by the continued use of non-biodegradable materials in numerous fields