Schistosome-induced portacaval haemodynamic changes in Rattus rattus are associated with translocation of adult worms to the lungs

The presence of naturally portacaval shunts has been investigated in the vasculature of normal and Schistosoma mansoni-infected Rattus rattus. Using the technique of injecting Polystyrene microspheres in the superior mesenteric vein, we demonstrated that the presence of adult schistosomes in the lungs of R. rattus was not due to an innate anomaly of the rat vasculature but resulted from the formation of portacaval shunts during infection. In rats harbouring a bisexual infection, microspheres were only detected in the lungs from week 7. The development and increasing size of the shunts were maximal between weeks 7 and 10 and coincident with the translocation of adult worms from the portal tract to the lungs. At weeks 20–25, only 1–2% of the microspheres were recovered from the lungs, suggesting that the portacaval anastomoses have regressed due to reduction in portal hypertension after worm translocation. R. rattus with a male-only schistosome infection harboured adult worms in the lungs, indicating that the development of shunts does not solely depend upon egg deposition in the liver to generate hypertension. The relationships between the presence of the schistosomes in the lungs, the portacaval shunting and the resistance to reinfection is discussed

《19和20世纪法国医疗在中国：南方开放港口、租界和租借地的拒绝或依从》 （‘French Medical Practices in China in the 19th and 20th Centuries’）(Le médicament occidental en Chine au tournant du 20e siècle : un refus contrasté)

摘要：本文借助法国档案文献、方志和当地的医学著作等，研究了19世纪和20世纪法国医生进入中国南方的政治背景、法国医生在中华帝国和民国中的权威、19世纪科技革新和药理学扩展背景下的法国医疗方法、对法国医疗方法的抗拒和接受情况、法国医疗方法以及其在当地的竞争者等问题，宏观描述了当时中国南方的医疗状况，论述了法国医生在到达他们的岗位后试图让当地住民信服他们的医疗方法适当性的过程，并再现了当地人民根据或多或少古代的和或多或少常规的观念，倾向于诉诸不同的治疗者，接受和有时反对不同治疗方案的情况。事实上，在20世纪20年代末采用政治措施反对和压制中医之前，西方的医生只是被当作辅助的而不是基本的医治者来看待的，没有像他们的中国同事那样得到完全的利用。 关键词：法国医疗 南方 租借 租借地 治疗 抗拒 接

Human Mobility and Books. Modes of Circulation of Medical Ideas and Doctrines in the Far South of China, 18th and 19th centuries

International audienc

Internationalization of criar raízes: in-depth analysis of the United States and literature review on international entry mode selection

Criar Raízes is a Portuguese SME that operates in the Solid Surface Industry, a new-generation raw material used as an architectural and design solution for a variety of residential and commercial applications. Due to the company’s interest in expanding its foreign operations abroad, the purpose of the present project is to develop an internationalization plan analysis. This includes an analysis of the industry, firm-specific factors, and an in-depth analysis of the five potential markets (France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, and Switzerland). Besides, a marketing plan and financial forecasts were projected for the French market, the selected country

Questions à Michel Novi

Photograph taken by Salt Lake Tribune staf

Irruption et influences de la médecine française en Chine du Sud, XIXe-XXe siècles

À la fin du XIXe siècle, le ministère des Affaires étrangères et le ministère des Colonies décident d’envoyer des médecins militaires à la frontière de l’Indochine : il s’agit de mieux connaître l’univers morbide qui règne aux portes de la colonie indochinoise et qui menace la santé publique de l’Indochine et d’accroître l’influence française en Chine du sud. Forts d’appartenir à une élite, depuis que le monopole d’exercice a été reconnu en 1892 aux seuls détenteurs du doctorat de médecine, et forts du solide et dynamique paradigme pasteurien, ces médecins sont prêts à remplir leur mission et à vanter la science occidentale auprès du peuple chinois et de son élite. À leur arrivée en Chine, ils doivent pourtant user d’ingéniosité pour attirer une population dotée d’une culture de la santé ancienne et complexe. Au terme de trente ans de voisinages, on note cependant une certaine évolution des pratiques de santé : mise en place d’une police sanitaire, première autorité publique à se voir confiée la santé de la nation chinoise, création d’établissements charitables chinois d’assistance médicale, élargissement du recours à la médecine occidentale. Ces formes de modernisation restent malgré tout essentiellement confinées aux seules grandes villes, et à la veille de l’inauguration d’un ministère de la Santé, en 1928, les pratiques traditionnelles sont encore très vivaces.In the last years of the nineteenth century, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Colonies decided to establish French physicians in Chinese areas located outside Indochina. The ministries intended the physicians to inform about the diseases that prevail at the door of Indochina and to reinforce French influence. Bolstered up by a recent decision which consisted in delivering the monopoly of exercising medicine to the lonely graduates, in 1892, and entirely converted to the pasteurian medicine, these physicians are ready to achieve their mission and they fully agree to publicize Western science. But upon arriving in China, the French physicians have to win the confidence of a population immersed in an ancient and complex medical culture. After thirty years of confrontation between Western and traditional practices, it is possible to note some evolutions in the local practices of health: creation of a new police in charge with sanitary problems marking the beginnings of Chinese governmental initiative in public health, creation of private establishements providing medical assistance by local philanthropists, and larger use of Western medicine among the population. But these forms of modernization concern only a few big towns and before the inauguration of a Ministry of Health in 1928, the traditional practices are still vivacious

Frank Dikötter, Lars Laamann, Zhou Xun, Narcotic Culture. A History of Drugs in China

L’ambition de cet ouvrage est de faire une histoire sociale et culturelle des drogues en Chine qui s’insère dans une histoire générale des substances psycho-actives dans le monde. L’angle d’attaque est l’opium. Les auteurs entendent étudier de près l’image couramment admise d’une Chine transformée dans la seconde partie du XIXe siècle « en une nation d’opiomanes par les forces pernicieuses du commerce impérialiste ». Cette image se construit et se répand dans les deux dernières décennies du X..