Landscapes of Legitimacy: Mapping Indigenous Sovereignty in Puebla, Mexico

Five hundred years after Spanish colonization, Indigenous pueblos in Puebla, Mexico continue to defend their cultural landmarks in the face of privatization and government cultural assimilation projects. This dissertation analyzes the foundational relationship between Indigenous sovereign politics and pre-Hispanic ancestral landscapes. The central research question investigates the degree to which landmarks, boundaries, and narratives about the landscape, painted on 16th century Indigenous cartography, are still practiced and reproduced in the present. This dissertation utilizes an interdisciplinary methodology that compares archival and iconographic data of Colonial maps with ethnographic interviews and spatial survey in the Nahua descendent pueblos that are mentioned in the 16th century Códice de Cholula. Ethnographically, I investigate contemporary narratives, names, ceremonies, pilgrimages, and conflicts of the ancestral landscape. I then compare this ethnographic data with Indigenous primary sources throughout the Colonial Period, such as cartographic histories, legal titles, lawsuits, and testimonies. In particular, I focus on the Códice de Cholula, the oldest most substantial representation of the Puebla Valley and the famed Indigenous City of Cholula. Importantly, by utilizing Indigenous primary sources, this dissertation analyzes the culturally particular frameworks and epistemologies of Indigenous cartography. The results of this research include a reconstruction of the cultural history of these pueblos via their cartography, providing a genealogy of Indigenous political science over centuries. Additionally, this project elucidates the pertinent ways in which current political stakes and identities are informed by these historical processes. In turn, this work analyzes the culturally relative definition of sovereignty in Indigenous Central Mexico, a subject that has been largely understudied. Finally, this dissertation project centers Indigenous groups as active, political agents, who have deeply and diversely shaped the cultural geography of Puebla

Some New Selected Recipes: Tested and Proved Good

A booklet of recipes provided by the Baker Extract Company of Springfield, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine, circa 1920. Baker Extract Company is one of several extract manufacturers listed in Portland city directories from 1891 to 1925

Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background: Unfractionated heparin is often used as adjunctive therapy with fibrinolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. We compared a low-molecular-weight heparin, enoxaparin, with unfractionated heparin for this purpose. Methods: We randomly assigned 20,506 patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who were scheduled to undergo fibrinolysis to receive enoxaparin throughout the index hospitalization or weight-based unfractionated heparin for at least 48 hours. The primary efficacy end point was death or nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction through 30 days. Results: The primary end point occurred in 12.0 percent of patients in the unfractionated heparin group and 9.9 percent of those in the enoxaparin group (17 percent reduction in relative risk, P<0.001). Nonfatal reinfarction occurred in 4.5 percent of the patients receiving unfractionated heparin and 3.0 percent of those receiving enoxaparin (33 percent reduction in relative risk, P<0.001); 7.5 percent of patients given unfractionated heparin died, as did 6.9 percent of those given enoxaparin (P=0.11). The composite of death, nonfatal reinfarction, or urgent revascularization occurred in 14.5 percent of patients given unfractionated heparin and 11.7 percent of those given enoxaparin (P<0.001); major bleeding occurred in 1.4 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively (P<0.001). The composite of death, nonfatal reinfarction, or nonfatal intracranial hemorrhage (a measure of net clinical benefit) occurred in 12.2 percent of patients given unfractionated heparin and 10.1 percent of those given enoxaparin (P<0.001). Conclusions: In patients receiving fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction, treatment with enoxaparin throughout the index hospitalization is superior to treatment with unfractionated heparin for 48 hours but is associated with an increase in major bleeding episodes. These findings should be interpreted in the context of net clinical benefit

Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation: Updates and Figures

Extract from a document entitled "Female Genital Mutilation".Published with the kind permission of the Institute for Development Training (Chapel Hill, NC) (African Environment: 3-4 (39-40): 93-106

Pond's extract

This apothecary card for Pond's Extract displays an illustration of a man standing in front of the Obelisk. Circa 1870 through 1920

Lip salve, Pond's extract

This apothecary card for Pond's Extract displays an illustration of leaves changing color to red and yellow. “L.R. Eddy, Druggist, Main St. Webster, Mass.,” stamped on the back