KEYWORDS Drinking water Coliforms bacteria Feacal coliform bacteria MPN technique Plate count technique DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER AT HOSPITAL OF BENGHAZI/LIBYA

ABSTRACT The aim of present study was to detect the presence or absence of coliform and faecal coliform bacteria from tap water of Benghazi Hospital, Libya at three different seasons. Samples were collected every month from two points viz surgery department (tapwater) and kidneys department (dialysis water) and examined by MPN and plate count methods. Presence of faecal coliform bacteria was not reported from both sources. However, the presence of coliform bacteria was reported from both source and it was slightly higher than the recommended one from both sources. Chemical analysis of water indicates the presence of organic matter like NO3 but the level was lower than the recommended by both world health organization (WHO) and environmental protection agency (EPA)

Microaaray Analysis of Differential Gene Expression Profiles of Human Adult Cardiac Myocytes Challenged with Non-Self RNA

Innate immunity utilizes pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by various pathogenic molecules to activate the initial phase of immune response. Recognition of bacterial RNA by immune sensors induces antigen-specific immunity and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Cardiac myocyte dysfunction is clearly identified as underlying the acute heart failure associated with bacterial infections, sepsis, as well as chronic syndrome. Cardiac myocytes express functional PRRs and sense PAMPs directly. Although the immunostimulatory potential and receptor-mediated recognition of nonself RNA are well documented, no comprehensive analysis of differential gene expression in response to naturally occurring bacterial RNA or modified RNA has been reported. Using cDNA Microarrays, we have analyzed the differential gene expression profiles of human adult cardiac myocytes stimulated with bacterial RNA. Our analysis has revealed changes in the cardiac expression profiles of 140 genes. A large proportion of upregulated genes (100) encode proteins involved in regulating the immune responses including, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A significant number of genes involved in stress signalling, homeostasis, and cardiac survival were also induced. We also identified 42 genes to be suppressed. Interestingly, genes implicated in regulation of cardiac cell cycle and transcription were among these repressed genes. Collectively, these Microarray data offer for the first time an insight into human cardiac myocytes response to immunostimulatory RNA such as bacterial RNA.</jats:p

Induction of innate immunity and its perturbation by influenza viruses

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are highly contagious pathogens causing dreadful losses to human and animal, around the globe. IAVs first interact with the host through epithelial cells, and the viral RNA containing a 5'-triphosphate group is thought to be the critical trigger for activation of effective innate immunity via pattern recognition receptors-dependent signaling pathways. These induced immune responses establish the antiviral state of the host for effective suppression of viral replication and enhancing viral clearance. However, IAVs have evolved a variety of mechanisms by which they can invade host cells, circumvent the host immune responses, and use the machineries of host cells to synthesize and transport their own components, which help them to establish a successful infection and replication. In this review, we will highlight the molecular mechanisms of how IAV infection stimulates the host innate immune system and strategies by which IAV evades host responses