O império luso-brasileiro e a questão da dependência inglesa - um estudo de caso: a política mercantilista durante a Época Pombalina e a sombra do Tratado de Methuen

In this paper, the author analyzes the relations between Portugal and England during the 18th century, with emphasis on the period corresponding to the reign of D. José I, during which the Marquis of Pombal, his Secretary of State, wielded considerable power. With the Treaty of Methuen (1703) as a backdrop, the text addresses the issues which, over successive periods, marked the tensions and conflicts in the economic and diplomatic relations between England and Portugal. Special attention is given to the review of documents of the era, from the National Library of Lisbon and the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. Contrary to what a rather crystallized tradition teaches us, the British-Portuguese relations during Pombal's period are rather ambiguous, fluctuating between Portugal's dependence with regard to economic interests and British political support, and the defense of trade, manufacturing and agricultural interests of the Portuguese crown and its overseas empire

O império luso-brasileiro e a questão da dependência inglesa - um estudo de caso: a política mercantilista durante a Época Pombalina e a sombra do Tratado de Methuen [The Luso-Brazilian Empire and the issue of British dependence - a case study: mercantilist policy during the Pombal Era and the shadow cast by the Treaty of Methuen]

In this paper, the author analyzes the relations between Portugal and England during the 18th century, with emphasis on the period corresponding to the reign of D. José I, during which the Marquis of Pombal, his Secretary of State, wielded considerable power. With the Treaty of Methuen (1703) as a backdrop, the text addresses the issues which, over successive periods, marked the tensions and conflicts in the economic and diplomatic relations between England and Portugal. Special attention is given to the review of documents of the era, from the National Library of Lisbon and the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. Contrary to what a rather crystallized tradition teaches us, the British-Portuguese relations during Pombal's period are rather ambiguous, fluctuating between Portugal's dependence with regard to economic interests and British political support, and the defense of trade, manufacturing and agricultural interests of the Portuguese crown and its overseas empire.mercantilism, Pombal era, protectionism, Anglo-Portuguese trade treaties, trade companies

Small particle-size talc is associated with poor outcome and increased inflammation in thoracoscopic pleurodesis

Rationale: Talc is very effective for pleurodesis, but there is concern about complications, especially acute respiratory distress syndrome. Objectives: It was the aim of this study to investigate if talc with a high concentration of small particles induces greater production of cytokines, and if pleural tumor burden has any influence on the local production and spillover of cytokines to the systemic circulation and eventual complications. Methods: We investigated 227 consecutive patients with malignant effusion submitted to talc pleurodesis. One hundred and three patients received 'small-particle talc' (ST; containing about 50% particles <10 ¿m) and 124 received 'large-particle talc' (with <20% particles <10 ¿m). Serial samples of both pleural fluid and blood were taken before and 3, 24, 48 and 72 h after thoracoscopy. Also, mesothelial cells were stimulated with both types of talc in vitro. Measurements and Results: Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-¿, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and thrombin-antithrombin complex were measured in all samples. Early death (<7 days after talc) occurred in 8 of 103 patients in the ST and in 1 of 124 in the 'large-particle talc' group (p = 0.007). Patients who received ST had significantly higher proinflammatory cytokines in pleural fluid and serum after talc application, and also in supernatants of the in vitro study. Pleural tumor burden correlated positively with proinflammatory cytokines in serum, suggesting that advanced tumor states induce stronger systemic reactions after talc application. Conclusions: ST provokes a strong inflammatory reaction in both pleural space and serum, which is associated with a higher rate of early deaths observed in patients receiving it.Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS 04/028

Extracellular Vesicles of Hypoxic Adipocytes and Obese Subjects Reduce Insulin-stimulated Glucose Uptake

Scope We investigate the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from in vitro adipocyte cell models and from obese subjects on glucose transport and insulin responsiveness. Methods and results EVs are isolated from the culture supernatant of adipocytes cultured under normoxia, hypoxia (1% oxygen), or exposed to macrophage conditioned media (15% v/v). EVs are isolated from the plasma of lean individuals and subjects with obesity. Cultured adipocytes are incubated with EVs and activation of insulin signalling cascades and insulin‐stimulated glucose transport are measured. EVs released from hypoxic adipocytes impair insulin‐stimulated 2‐deoxyglucose uptake and reduce insulin mediated phosphorylation of AKT. Insulin‐mediated phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2) is not affected. EVs from individuals with obesity decrease insulin stimulated 2‐deoxyglucose uptake in adipocytes (p = 0.0159). Conclusion EVs released by stressed adipocytes impair insulin action in neighboring adipocytes

História e memória: origens e desenvolvimento do programa de pós-graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense

At the invitation of the journal História da Historiografia, Francisco José Calazans Falcon prepared this narrative about the development of the Postgraduate History course at the Fluminense Federal University (UFF). Combining history and memory, this exercise of contextualization was developed by a professional who collaborated in the creation of several postgraduate courses in Rio de Janeiro and played a significant role in the process of constructing the postgraduate field of history in Brazil.A convite da revista História da Historiografia, Francisco José Calazans Falcon elaborou esta narrativa sobre o desenvolvimento do programa de pós-graduação em história da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Conjugando história e memória, este exercício de contextualização foi desenvolvido por um profissional que colaborou na criação de diversos programas de pós-graduação no Rio de Janeiro, uma parte significativa do processo de construção da pós-graduação em história no Brasil

A identidade do historiador

Based on a summary of recent Brazilian historiography and its relationships to the so-called crisis of history, this article endeavors to situate the question of the identity - or, better put, identities - of the historian. This review of roads followed by historiography intends to arrive at an understanding of the current situation of the history workshop, where new ways of understanding this discipline and this craft have radically changed the meaning of the opposition between traditional and new historians. As a result, the question of the historians identity has become much more complex. The dimensions of this new complexity are sketched through a comparison of the positions of two totally distinct historians - opposite, in fact: Chartier and Elton. In closing, the main points under discussion are synthesized and an effort made to clarify the nature of differences that currently set apart historians by craft (as varied as these may be among themselves) and the practices of historians and especially, historical discourse.A partir de um resumo da historiografia brasileira recente e suas relações com a chamada crise da história, tenta-se aí situar a questão da identidade, ou melhor, das identidades do próprio historiador. A retomada dos percursos historiográficos visa a permitir a compreensão da situação atual da oficina da história, na qual novas maneiras de compreender a disciplina e o ofício vieram mudar radicalmnte o sentido da oposição entre os historiadores tradicionais e novos. Como resultado, a identidade tornou-se um problema bem mais complexo cujas dimensões se procura desenhar a partir da comparação entre as posições de dois historiadores completamente distintos, opostos mesmo: Chartier e Elton. Por último, algumas reflexões irão sintetizar os principais pontos em discussão e tentar explicitar a natureza das diferenças que opõem, na atualidade, historiadores de ofício -- por mais diferentes que possam ser -- e os não-historiadores que vêm analisando tanto as práticas historiadoras como, principalmente, o discurso histórico

New Adenovirus Groups in Western Palaearctic Bats

In the context of long-term screening for viruses on Western Palaearctic bats, we tested for the presence of adenovirus 1392 oropharyngeal swabs and 325 stool samples taken from 27 bat species. Adenoviruses were detected in 12 species of the Vespertilionidae and the Rhinolophidae families. Fifty positive respiratory and 26 positive stool samples were studied. Phylogenetic analyses of partial hexon protein and partial DNA-dependent DNA polymerase genes indicate that all these bat adenoviruses belong to the genus Mastadenovirus but without constituting a monophyletic cluster. According to genetic identities, the new groups are distinct to the previously described Bat mastadenovirus A and B species and contribute with potentially new members. Our data support that diversity of bat mastadenovirus is host-dependent and increase the knowledge of potentially pathogenic virus from bats. Due to the active role of bats as viral reservoirs, the characterization of these viruses is relevant for Public Health.This project was financially supported by an agreement between the Public Health Department of the Spanish Ministry of Health and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III for the development of "Rabies Surveillance in Spain" and by projects SAF 2006-12784-C02-01, SAF 2006-12784-C02-02, SAF 2009-09172 and SAF2013-47194-P of the General Research Programme of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education

Aprendizaje basado en problemas y su incidencia en el aprendizaje colaborativo de la asignatura Algoritmos en estudiantes Universitarios. Lima, 2023

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer la correlación del aprendizaje basado en problemas y el aprendizaje colaborativo en estudiantes universitarios para la asignatura de algoritmos, Lima, 2023. En detalle al método de trabajo se empleó un diseño no experimental y descriptivo, mediante el enfoque cuantitativo, tomando como referencia a las dificultades del aprendizaje y la productividad académica de los que estudian la asignatura algoritmos. En el estudio se aplicó a 100 universitarios, determinándose múltiples cuestionarios que fueron rigurosamente validados por expertos, además la confiabilidad se analizó por Alpha de Cronbach (0.8099) resultando ser aceptable para ejecutar en el proyecto y permitir evaluar las variables del estudio. Por ello, se observó el informe de ajuste donde el valor de significancia es p-valor = 0.004 menor al margen de error α=0.05, es decir, existe incidencia significativa del ABP (Compresión del problema, Adquisición del aprendizaje, Solución del problema, Retroalimentación de conocimientos) en el AC (Interdependencia positiva, Responsabilidad individual y de equipo, Interacción estimuladora, Gestión interna de equipo), debido a que este método activo beneficia al desarrollo de habilidades y capacidades complementarias para el progreso de la sociedad educativa