Forest Conservation Strategy 2013-2020

An independent evaluation of the Tropical Forest Conservation Fund (TFCF) and Forest Conservation Botswana (FCB) in 2012, recommended the development of a Forest Conservation Strategy (FCS) to guide the FCB-Board in the award of project grants and other technical activities to support forest conservation. According to the evaluation, planning in the period 2008-2010 focused primarily on the internal working efficiencies of FCB and its Board and FCB’s operation did not have the desired impact on sustainable forest conservation and utilisation. This Forest Conservation Strategy (FCS) aims to provide technical guidance to FCB

Forest management and use in Botswana: brief situation analysis and options for the Forest Conservation Strategy

This paper describes the situation of Botswana’s forests (section 2) as well as their policy and legislative environment (section 3). A brief analysis is given in section 4, based on the analytical framework developed in the inception report. The analysis leads to forest issues which are guiding the options for the Forest Conservation Strategy (section 5). The analysis and options are meant to be the primary focus of discussions at a workshop (see ToR). Therefore, readers with little reading time are advised to focus on sections 4 and 5

Anatomical And Physiological Responses Of Citrus Trees To Varying Boron Availability Are Dependent On Rootstock

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)In Citrus, water, nutrient transport and thereby fruit production, are influenced among other factors, by the interaction between rootstock and boron (B) nutrition. This study aimed to investigate how B affects the anatomical structure of roots and leaves as well as leaf gas exchange in sweet orange trees grafted on two contrasting rootstocks in response to B supply. Plants grafted on Swingle citrumelo or Sunki mandarin were grown in a nutrient solution of varying B concentration (deficient, adequate, and excessive). Those grafted on Swingle were more tolerant to both B deficiency and toxicity than those on Sunki, as revealed by higher shoot and root growth. In addition, plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole plant leaf -specific hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation. Our data revealed that trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth under low B availablitlity in the root medium and still respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels. Taken together, those traits improved water and B transport to the plant canopy. Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki. From a practical point of view, our results highlight that B management in citrus orchards shall take into account rootstock varieties, of which the Swingle rootstock was characterized by its performance on regulating anatomical and ultrastructural damages, improving water transport and limiting negative impacts of B stress conditions on plant growth.7Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, Brazil) [2010/52154-3, 2011/21226-1]National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Quality Assurance Driving Factors as Antecedents of Knowledge Management: a Stakeholder-Focussed Perspective in Higher Education

Similar to many other types of organisations, the successful development of higher education institutions generally depends on proactive multi-stakeholder management strategy. As a social responsibility of universities, quality assurance (QA) of higher education is already an established research domain. However, the issues that serve as driving factors in higher education’s quality are acknowledged in this vast knowledge stream in a dispersed way. An objective of this paper is to provide a quick snapshot of the major QA driving factors in higher education. Another objective here is to discuss the significance of these existing QA driving factors in higher education as prospective antecedents of knowledge management among the key stakeholders in the higher education sector and beyond. An inductive constructivist approach is followed to review the relevant QA driving factors from the extant scholarly views. A number of relevant factors are précised from the literature that would be instrumental to uphold quality in higher education. The discussion demonstrates that these factors are also significant to transfer and share knowledge between the key stakeholders not only for universities, but also for businesses, governments and other organisational stakeholders. The paper proposes a framework of the QA drivers’ application for meaningful knowledge transfer between diverse stakeholders and clarifies the framework’s managerial implications. This conceptual framework specifies different scenarios and perspectives of QA drivers’ application in the global education sector. The academic novelty is based on the inductive approach applied in the paper. QA practitioners will be able to follow these factors as steering phenomena to effectively assure quality, in relation to their multi-stakeholder relationships in higher education and beyond

Efeitos da estimulação da sucção não nutritiva com dedo enluvado na transição alimentar em recém-nascido prematuro de muito baixo peso

Objetivos analisar os efeitos da estimulação da sucção não nutritiva com a técnica do dedo enluvado, sobre o início e a transição alimentar da via gástrica para a via oral em prematuros de muito baixo peso. Métodos estudo aleatório, prospectivo, longitudinal, experimental e controlado, que incluiu 40 prematuros internados na UTI Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas, com idade gestacional £ 32 semanas e peso de nascimento £ 1500g, clinicamente estáveis. Os prematuros foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, por meio de sorteio, em 2 grupos: grupo controle, sem SNN e grupo experimental, com SNN com dedo enluvado, 3 vezes ao dia, 3 dias na semana. Foram avaliados critérios quanto ao escore da avaliação da prontidão para início da alimentação oral, intercorrências durante a sucção nutritiva (SN) e o tempo de transição alimentar. Resultados quando comparado o grupo experimental em relação ao grupo controle observou-se um escore significantemente maior na avaliação da prontidão para início da alimentação via oral, uma menor frequência de sinais de estresse durante a sucção nutritiva e um menor tempo de transição alimentar da via gástrica para via oral. Conclusão a estimulação da sucção não nutritiva com a técnica do dedo enluvado melhorou a prontidão do prematuro para início da alimentação via oral, diminuiu a frequência dos sinais de estresse durante a alimentação via oral e reduziu o tempo de transição alimentar no grupo experimental quando comparado ao grupo controle

Speech therapy in food transition from probe to breast in newborn in kangaroo method

Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre idade gestacional e tempo de intervenção fonoaudiológica para início da alimentação via oral, quando utilizada a técnica de transição alimentar da sonda direta para o peito. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do prontuário médico/fonoaudiológico de 38 recém-nascidos de risco em Unidade Canguru. Foram coletados os seguintes dados: idade gestacional ao nascimento e corrigida, dias de vida, peso ao nascimento e atual, tipo e duração da intervenção fonoaudiológica, volume de dieta por sonda. Utilizou-se o tempo de uso de antibióticos e o suporte ventilatório como critérios de divisão dos recém-nascidos em dois grupos (G1 e G2). Na análise estatística, aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: O tempo de intervenção para os recém-nascidos que receberem alta fonoaudiológica não apresentou resultados significativos entre os grupos (G1= 9,35 dias e G2= 10,12 dias), embora a hipótese inicial deste estudo fosse a de que os recém-nascidos do G1 necessitariam de menor período de atendimento fonoaudiológico que os do G2. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para o peso ao nascimento, entre G1 (1563,53 g) e G2 (1409,62 g). Conclusão: Quando utilizada a técnica de transição alimentar da sonda direta para o peito, em recém-nascidos de risco com média de idade gestacional semelhante e mesmo tempo de intervenção fonoaudiológica, os bebês demonstraram aptidão para coordenar os movimentos de sucção/respiração/deglutição, e consequentemente, a amamentação efetiva em seio materno exclusivo. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Purpose: Verify the relationship between gestational age and duration of speech therapy to start oral feeding, when used the technique of feeding transition of the probe directly to the chest. Methods: This is a study of newborn medical/speech records of 38 risk in Kangaroo unit. Were collected: gestational age at birth and corrected days of life, birth weight and current, type and duration of speech therapy, enteral feeding volume. We used time use of antibiotics and ventilatory support as criteria for division of newborns into two groups (G1 and G2). At the statistical analysis was applied the nonparametric test of Mann-Whitney and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Intervention time for newborns were discharged speech showed no significant results between groups (G1 = 9.35 days and G2 = 10.12 days), although the initial hypothesis of this study was that the newborn G1 would require fewer days of speech therapy than the G2. There was statistically significant difference in birth weight between G1 (1563.53 g) and G2 (1409.62 g). Conclusion: It was observed that both groups started speech therapy and oral feeding practically medium of similar gestational ages and both speech intervention, demonstrating ability to coordinate sucking movements/breathing/swallowing, and consequently the effective and exclusive breastfeeding

Integrated sensory motor system in prematurely born children

Objetivo: Investigar a existência de sistema sensório motor integrado em recém-nascidos (RNs) prematuros submetidos à estimulação gustativa. Métodos: Estudo experimental analítico e duplo-cego. Participaram 90 RNs prematuros, divididos em dois grupos (água e sacarose para análise (PA) 12%), filmados durante 15 minutos (primeiro e último momentos, sem estimulação; e segundo momento com estimulação gustativa). Três juízes independentes analisaram os comportamentos mão na boca direita e esquerda e sucção da mão direita e esquerda durante os diversos estados comportamentais, inseridos no banco de dados do Statistical Package for Social Science, sendo considerados em concordância os eventos observados por pelo menos dois deles. Empregou-se teste de correlação de Spearman com nível de significância valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Tanto ao serem considerados os grupos separadamente quanto juntos, mão na boca direita e esquerda tiveram inicialmente correlação moderada, sendo que mão na boca direita manteve-se forte no final e mão na boca esquerda finalizou com correlação moderada e forte, de acordo com cada estado comportamental. Sucção de mão direita na totalidade e em sacarose apresentou-se inicialmente com correlação forte no estado sonolento, passando para moderada ao final. No estado alerta houve inicialmente correlação fraca em ambos os estímulos, finalizando com correlação moderada em sacarose e forte em água. Sucção de mão esquerda apresentou-se inicialmente correlação moderada em alerta, finalizando com correlação fraca no grupo sacarose, o que não ocorreu na água, que iniciou e finalizou forte. Conclusão: A estimulação oral influenciou na coordenação mão-boca, independente do estímulo, evidenciando integração sensório motora precoce, mas não inferindo sobre capacidade de discriminação gustativa nos prematuros. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Purpose: To investigate about an integrated sensory motor system existence in premature newborns, submitted to gustatory stimulation. Methods: Analytical and experimental study of contents, double-blind. Being participants 90 premature newborns, divided into two groups (water or sucrose analysis 12%). Recorded by 15 minutes (first and last moments, without stimulation; and second time with gustatory stimulation). Three independent judges analyzed the behaviors in the right hand and left hand in the mouth and suction in the left and right and hand during the various behavioral states, those being inserted in the database of Statistical Package for Social Science, being then considered that the events observed by at least two of them. It was made use of Spearman’s rank correlation test on a significance level by p<0.05. Results: Considering the groups both separately and together, right and left had initially moderate correlation, being right hand in the mouth remained strong at the end and left hand in the mouth finished on moderate and strong correlation, according to each behavioral state. Right hand suction in its total and sucrose showed a strong correlation initially in drowsy state, becoming moderate at the end. In alertness state there was initially a weak correlation in both stimuli ending in moderate correlation in sucrose and strong in water. Left hand suction presented initially moderate correlation on the alert state, ending in weak correlation in sucrose stimuli, which did not occur in the water that started and finished strong. Conclusion: The oral stimulation influenced the hand-mouth coordination, showing early motor sensory integration. However, there was no discrimination about the gustatory capacity on the newborns