Hawkeye Ocean Color Instrument Performance Summary

Hawkeye is an ocean color instrument that is part of the SeaHawk satellite developed for SOCON, the Sustained Ocean Color Observations using Nanosatellites program funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and managed by the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNC-W). HawkEye has spectral characteristics similar to SeaWiFS, but with 8 times finer resolution and a smaller field of view more appropriate for lakes, rivers, and near-shore terrestrial environments. With a volume of only 10 X 10 X 10 cm (a CubeSat 1U), it can produce 8 bands of image data in a single pass, each with 1800 x 6000 pixels, with a resolution of 120 meters per pixel. This paper will present a short summary of instrument design, the spacecraft interface, and lessons learned during this effort. Scientists considering using linear arrays in a pushbroom mode for remote sensing will find this useful. Much of the discussion will center on optical performance, such as flat field calibration, polarization effects, stray light, out-of-band response, and exposure linearity. Images from field tests will be shown.The Hawkeye instrument is an ocean color measuring instrument designed to fly on the SeaHawk satellite developed for SOCON, the Sustained Ocean Color Observations using Nanosatellites program funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and managed by the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNC-W). The Hawkeye instrument measures ocean color in 8 spectral bands, similar to SeaWiFS, except Band 7, which is shifted to a slightly lower wavelength to avoid the oxygen absorption feature that a wider band overlapped on SeaWiFS. The instrument is approximately 1/3rd the volume of the entire satellite, which is a 3U Cubesat manufactured by Clydespace in Glasgow, Scotland. The purpose of this instrument is to ascertain the quality of ocean color data possible with such a small, inexpensive instrument and bus. The nominal orbit is 540 km, and the nominal pixel geometric instantaneous field of view (GIFOV) 120 meters on a side. Each band will produce an image 1800 x 6000 pixels in size, for a total field of view of 216 X 720 km.2) DESIGN CONCEPTThe Hawkeye instrument uses linear arrays in pushbroom mode to collect data over a two dimensional area. The instrument has 4 linear CCD arrays, the Onsemi KLI-4104, to collect the 8 bands of data. Figure 1 illustrates the optical design for two bands, sharing a single array

Life-Functional Theories of Life

Many philosophers and biologists have attempted to explain what “alive” means. According to one family of accounts, we can explain the meaning of “alive” in terms of life-functions. This paper discusses this family of views. It is argued that the life-functional analyses of life are unsuccessful

Life-Functional Theories of Life

Many philosophers and biologists have attempted to explain what “alive” means. According to one family of accounts, we can explain the meaning of “alive” in terms of life-functions. This paper discusses this family of views. It is argued that the life-functional analyses of life are unsuccessful.SUNY BrockportPhilosophic Exchang

An improved whole life satisfaction theory of happiness?

Philosophers and others have been captivated by the idea that happiness may be understood to be “satisfaction with life as a whole.” For a person to be happy, according to this idea, is for that person to be satisfied with his or her life as a whole. The view has been developed in a variety of forms, but has been subjected to serious objection in every form. In a paper published in volume 1, number 1 of the International Journal of Wellbeing, Jussi Suikkanen presented what he took to be a new and improved form of Whole Life Satisfactionism. He tried to show that in his formulation, the theory overcomes objections that I have presented elsewhere. In the present paper, after describing the context in which Suikkanen’s proposal appears, I present what I take to be the central point of Suikkanen’s work. I mention some obscurities. I try to show no matter how these obscurities are resolved, the proposed view is still open to objections similar to ones already in the literature.

Comprehensive Profiling of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma Reveals Frequent Over-Expression of PD-L1

Background: Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast carcinoma less responsive to conventional chemotherapy relative to usual breast carcinomas such as ductal and lobular subtype. In molecular terms, MBC usually clusters with triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), but MBCs portray a worse prognosis in comparison with TNBC. Published studies investigating MBCs for specific biomarkers of therapy response are rare and limited by the methodological approaches. Methods: 297 samples [MBC (n=75), triple-negative breast cancer of no-special-type (TNBC-NOS, n=106), HER2-positive breast cancers (n=32) and luminal breast cancers (n=84)] were profiled using direct sequencing analysis [Illumina MiSeq Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)]. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 (SP142, Spring Bioscience) and PD-1 (NAT105, Ventana) was performed using automated procedures. Results: 89% MBCs exhibited triple-negative immunophenotype (ER-/PR-/HER2-). The most common mutations in MBCs included TP53 (67%) and PIK3CA mutations (23%). Other mutations were rare including HRAS mutations (7%), STK11 (5%), FBXW7, PTEN, c-MET and JAK3 (4%, respectively). PD-L1 expression on cancer cells was detected in significantly higher proportion of MBCs (46%) than in other molecular subtypes (6% in luminal and HER2+ breast cancers, respectively and 9% in TNBC-NOS, p\u3c0.001). PD-1 positive tumors infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) varied greatly in MBCs (0 to \u3e50/mm2). Conclusion: Comprehensive profiling of a large cohort of this rare carcinoma highlighted predominance of TP53 mutations, wild type EGFR gene expression, a distinct increase in proportion of PD-L1 expression in carcinoma cells, and PD-1 expression in TILs. The latter propert

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Regional to Global Assessments of Phytoplankton Dynamics From The SeaWiFS Mission

Photosynthetic production of organic matter by microscopic oceanic phytoplankton fuels ocean ecosystems and contributes roughly half of the Earth's net primary production. For 13 years, the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission provided the first consistent, synoptic observations of global ocean ecosystems. Changes in the surface chlorophyll concentration, the primary biological property retrieved from SeaWiFS, have traditionally been used as a metric for phytoplankton abundance and its distribution largely reflects patterns in vertical nutrient transport. On regional to global scales, chlorophyll concentrations covary with sea surface temperature (SST) because SST changes reflect light and nutrient conditions. However, the oceanmay be too complex to be well characterized using a single index such as the chlorophyll concentration. A semi-analytical bio-optical algorithm is used to help interpret regional to global SeaWiFS chlorophyll observations from using three independent, well-validated ocean color data products; the chlorophyll a concentration, absorption by CDM and particulate backscattering. First, we show that observed long-term, global-scale trends in standard chlorophyll retrievals are likely compromised by coincident changes in CDM. Second, we partition the chlorophyll signal into a component due to phytoplankton biomass changes and a component caused by physiological adjustments in intracellular chlorophyll concentrations to changes in mixed layer light levels. We show that biomass changes dominate chlorophyll signals for the high latitude seas and where persistent vertical upwelling is known to occur, while physiological processes dominate chlorophyll variability over much of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The SeaWiFS data set demonstrates complexity in the interpretation of changes in regional to global phytoplankton distributions and illustrates limitations for the assessment of phytoplankton dynamics using chlorophyll retrievals alone