Improved Knowledge Changes the Mindset: Older Adults’ Perceptions of Care Robots

This paper explores Finnish, German and Swedish older adults’ perceptions of a future welfare service with increased use of welfare technologies, specifically care robots. The issues are the rapid digitalization and development of health and welfare technology, which presently is mainly technology driven (not need or user driven), and the demographic challenge. The aim of the study was to explore older adults’ perception of the future use of welfare technology or care robots. A qualitative approach with focus group discussions was employed, followed by thematic analysis. The results are presented in four overall themes: the impact on daily life for older adults and professional caregivers, codes of practice and terms of use, dissemination of information and knowledge, and conditions for successful implementation. There were significant differences in the informants’ attitudes toward and knowledge about care robots. However, the informants’ attitudes appeared to change during the focus groups and in general, became more positive. Authentic needs, which care robots could support, refer to independence, safety and security, and the ability to manage or ease daily life or working life. The results suggest that older adults, after receiving relevant information, were open to the idea of being supported by care robots in their daily lives.Post-print / Final draf

Cu-Ni-Sn: A key system for lead-free soldering

Being the most complex constituent of the quaternary system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn, the ternary system Cu-Ni-Sn is the key system for the investigation of the interactions of Ag-Cu-Sn solder alloys with Ni as a contact material. Although this system has been thoroughly studied in the literature, there are still many uncertainties left. In the present work, a study of the phase equilibria in four isothermal sections at 220, 400, 500, and 700C of the Cu-Ni-Sn system was carried out following a comprehensive literature study. The methods employed were x-ray diffraction (XRD), metallography, and scanning electron microscopy including electron probe microanalysis. The ternary solubilities of the Ni3Sn2-Cu6Sn5 and Ni3Sn-Cu3Sn fields were characterized in detail. So far no continuous solubility between the respective phases has been found. At 25 at.% Sn the existence of two ternary compounds formed from the BiF3-type (Cu,Ni)3Sn phase and reported in literature could be confirmed. On the other hand, our results differ significantly from the very recent literature related to lead-free soldering

Cu-Ni-Sn: A key system for lead-free soldering

Being the most complex constituent of the quaternary system Ag-Cu-Ni-Sn, the ternary system Cu-Ni-Sn is the key system for the investigation of the interactions of Ag-Cu-Sn solder alloys with Ni as a contact material. Although this system has been thoroughly studied in the literature, there are still many uncertainties left. In the present work, a study of the phase equilibria in four isothermal sections at 220, 400, 500, and 700C of the Cu-Ni-Sn system was carried out following a comprehensive literature study. The methods employed were x-ray diffraction (XRD), metallography, and scanning electron microscopy including electron probe microanalysis. The ternary solubilities of the Ni3Sn2-Cu6Sn5 and Ni3Sn-Cu3Sn fields were characterized in detail. So far no continuous solubility between the respective phases has been found. At 25 at.% Sn the existence of two ternary compounds formed from the BiF3-type (Cu,Ni)3Sn phase and reported in literature could be confirmed. On the other hand, our results differ significantly from the very recent literature related to lead-free soldering

Enthalpies of mixing of metallic systems relevant for lead-free soldering : Ag-Pd and Ag-Pd-Sn

The partial and integral enthalpies of mixing of binary liquid Ag–Pd alloys (with compositions up to about 55 at.% Pd) were determined at 1400 °C. A Calvet type microcalorimeter was used for the measurements employing a drop calorimetric technique. Additionally, eight sections in the Sn-rich corner of the ternary Ag–Pd–Sn system, which is relevant for lead-free soldering, were investigated at 900 °C. The ternary interaction parameters were fitted using the Redlich–Kister–Muggiano model for substitutional solutions. The isoenthalpy curves for Ag–Pd–Sn at 900 °C were constructed for the integral molar enthalpy of mixing

Phase equilibria in the ternary In–Ni–Sn system at 700 °C

AbstractThe phase equilibria of the ternary system In–Ni–Sn were investigated experimentally at 700 °C using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) including electron micro probe analysis (EMPA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). A corresponding isothermal section was established based on these results. This particular temperature was chosen because it allowed obtaining reliable results within reasonable time. The existence of the ternary phase InNi6Sn5 was confirmed whereas the ternary compound In2NiSn, reported earlier in literature, was found to be part of a large solid solution field based on binary InNi. The ternary solubility of the binary phases was established, and continuous solid solutions were found between the isostructural phases Ni3Sn LT and InNi3 as well as between Ni3Sn2 HT and InNi2. In addition, this isothermal section could be well reproduced by CALPHAD modelling. The resulting calculated isotherm at 700 °C is presented, too, and compared with the experimental results

Th In-Pd-Sn phase diagram (xPd

The ternary In¿Pd¿Sn phase diagram was investigated in the composition range up to approximately 60 at.% Pd which includes the phase relations most relevant for lead-free soldering. The investigation included X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ternary equilibrium phase relations were studied for three isothermal sections at 200, 500, and 700 ¿C, respectively, and the ternary solubilities of several binary compounds were determined for 500 and 700 ¿C using quantitative SEM. No ternary compound was found to exist in the investigated part of the system, but some of the binary phases show a considerable solid solubility in the ternary system, including most probably a continuous solid solution between ¿Pd2 and Pd2Sn

Ni_5-δSn₄Zn (δ ∼ 0.25) from single-crystal data

Work on the ternary Ni–Sn–Zn phase diagram revealed the existence of the title compound pentanickel tetratin zinc, Ni3.17Sn2.67Zn0.67[Schmettereret al.(2012).Intermetallics, doi:10.1016/j.intermet.2011.05.025]. It crystallizes in the Ni5Ga3Ge2structure type (orthorhombic,Cmcm) and is related to the InNi2type (hexagonal,P63/mmc) of the neighbouring Ni3Sn2high-temperature (HT) phase, but is not a superstructure. The crystal structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its homogeneity range was characterized using electron microprobe analysis. Phase analysis at various temperatures indicated that the phase decomposes between 1073 and 1173 K, where a more extended ternary solid solution of the Ni3Sn2HT phase was found instead.</jats:p