Two lectures on color superconductivity

The first lecture provides an introduction to the physics of color superconductivity in cold dense quark matter. The main color superconducting phases are briefly described and their properties are listed. The second lecture covers recent developments in studies of color superconducting phases in neutral and beta-equilibrated matter. The properties of gapless color superconducting phases are discussed.Comment: 56 pages, 9 figures. Minor corrections and references added. Lectures delivered at the IARD 2004 conference, Saas Fee, Switzerland, June 12 - 19, 2004, and at the Helmholtz International Summer School and Workshop on Hot points in Astrophysics and Cosmology, JINR, Dubna, Russia, August 2 - 13, 200

Evaluation of Sex Differences in Relative Dilatation of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

AbstractObjectivesTreatment recommendations based on thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) diameter (D) ignore differences in proportional dilatation between patients of different body habitus and sex. This study's goal is to compare TAA diameters between sexes as a function of relative aortic size as determined by aortic size index (ASI).MethodsThis is a retrospective review of all TAA's treated between 2003 and 2008. ASI was calculated for each patient, which considers aneurysm diameter, patient's height and weight. Values for males and females were plotted separately (TAA diameter vs ASI) and the resulting linear regression equations permitted comparison of proportional dilatation between sexes.ResultsIn 40 patients (25 males, 15 females) mean TAA diameter did not differ between sexes (6.56 ± 0.99 vs 7.03 ± 1.14, P = 0.18), while ASI was larger in females than males (4.21 ± 0.85 vs 3.24 ± 0.63, P = 0.0003). Values for ruptured and intact aneurysms did not differ. Linear regression analysis permitted comparison of TAA diameter with ASI between sexes resulting in the following equation: DFemale = 0.91DMale − 0.49. This correlates a 6 cm TAA in a male with a 4.97 cm TAA in a female.ConclusionsTAA of equal diameter represent a larger proportional dilatation in females compared to males. This could influence repair thresholds that are historically diameter based