Testing Ecological Theory with Lianas

Lianas constitute a diverse polyphyletic plant group that is advancing our understanding of ecological theory. Specifically, lianas are providing new insights into the mechanisms that control plant distribution and diversity maintenance. For example, there is now evidence that a single, scalable mechanism may explain local, regional, and pan‐tropical distribution of lianas, as well as the maintenance of liana species diversity. The ability to outcompete trees under dry, stressful conditions in seasonal forests provides lianas a growth advantage that, over time, results in relatively high abundance in seasonal forests and low abundance in aseasonal forests. Lianas may also gain a similar growth advantage following disturbance, thus explaining why liana density and diversity peak following disturbance at the local, forest scale. The study of ecology, however, is more than the effect of the environment on organisms; it also includes the effects of organisms on the environment. Considerable empirical evidence now indicates that lianas substantially alter their environment by consuming resources, suppressing tree performance, and influencing emergent properties of forests, such as ecosystem functioning, plant and animal diversity, and community composition. These recent studies using lianas are transcending classical tropical ecology research and are now providing novel insights into fundamental ecological theory

Analisis Kontribusi Penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Daerah Pada 26 Kabupaten/ Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat

Abstrak. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan mengetahui, menganalisis dan mengdeskripsikan kontribusi penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah terhadap Pendapatan Daerah. Populasi Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat adalah sebanyak 18 Kabupaten dan 9 Kota dengan ketentuan memiliki realisisasi APBD tahun 2009 s/d tahun 2018 dan yang dijadikan sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu 17 Kabupaten dan 9 Kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat (1 Kabupaten tidak memenuhi syarat yang telah ditentukan yaitu Kabupaten Pangandaran).Jenis penelitian kuantitatif. Alat analisis yang digunakan yaitu regresi data panel dengan Uji Chow dan Uji Hausman. Hasil dari pengujian yang dilakukan yaitu kontribusi penerimaan Pajak Daerah berpengaruh terhadap Pendapatan Daerah, kontribusi penerimaan Retribusi Daerah tidak berpengaruh terhadap Pendapatan Daerah, sedangkan secara simultan kontribusi penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah berpengaruh terhadap Pendapatan DaerahKata kunci: Pajak Daerah; Pendapatan Daerah; Retribusi Daera

The Jurassic–Cretaceous depositional and tectonic evolution of the southernwestern margin of the Neotethys Ocean, Northern Oman and United Arab Emirates

The concept that the autochthonous, parautochthonous and allochthonous Permian–Cretaceous sequences in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman record the transition from platform, slope to basin sedimentation within the southern part of Neotethys has been fundamental to the interpretation of the geological history of the region. The results of a major geological mapping programme of the UAE, carried out by the British Geological Survey for the Federal Government of the UAE, coupled with the detailed examination of key sections within northern Oman has led to a re-evaluation of the geological evolution of this region. This detailed study has led to a greater appreciation of the sedimentology and depositional setting of the sediments laid down along the northeastern Arabian continental margin during the Jurassic to Cretaceous, allowing a more refined model of Neotethys Ocean basin evolution to be established. The model charts the progressive breakup of the Arabian continental margin and closure of Neotethys during the mid to late Cretaceous and is divided into three main stages: Stage 1—Initial rifting and formation of the Neotethys Ocean, followed by a prolonged period of stable, passive margin sedimentation which extended from the Permian to Late Jurassic times; Stage 2—Uplift and erosion of the shelf margin during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, coincident with increased carbonate-clastic sedimentation in the outer ramp, distal slope and basinal areas; Stage 3—Increased instability during the Late Cretaceous leading to the breakup of the platform margin and foreland basin sedimentation accompanying the obduction of the Oman-UAE ophiolite. Data obtained for the upper part of the platform and platform margin to slope successions has revealed that the topography of the “shelf”-slope-basinal margin was more subdued than previously thought, with this more gentle ramp margin morphology persisting until early to mid-Cretaceous times when the platform margin started to become unstable during ophiolite obduction. The thrust-repeated allochthonous sedimentary rocks of the Hamrat Duru Group were deposited on the outer platform margin/lower slope rise to basinal plain of this basin margin and includes the dismembered remains of two turbidite fan systems which fed carbonate-rich detritus into deeper parts of the ocean. A re-evaluation of the chert-rich sequences, previously equated with deposition on the abyssal plain of Neotethys, has led to the conclusion that they may record sedimentation at a much shallower level within a starved ocean basin, possibly in a mid-ramp (above storm wave base) to outer ramp setting. A marked change in basin dynamics occurred during the mid-Cretaceous leading to the development of a shallow ramp basin margin in Oman with terrestrial to shallow marine sedimentary rocks interdigitating with red siliceous mudstones. By contrast, the contemporaneous succession in the Dibba Zone of the UAE indicates considerable instability on a steep shelf break. This instability is recorded by the presence of several major olistostrome deposits within the Aruma Group of the UAE which are thought to have been generated in advance of the rapidly obducting Oman-UAE ophiolite

STABILITAS EKSTRAK KASAR SENYAWA ANTIBAKTERI Halimeda micronesica

Bakteri patogen dapat menimbulkan penyakit terhadap ikan, jenis bakteri patogen yang sering menyebabkan penyakit pada ikan antara lain adalah Aeromonas salmonicida dan Aeromonas hydrophila. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan resistensi terhadap bakteri patogen, oleh sebab itu penting untuk mencari sumber molekul bioaktif baru yang dapat dijadikan antibiotik yang aman. Rumput laut Halimeda micronesica yang berasal dari Pantai Panjang, Kota Bengkulu memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri, namun stabilitas senyawa antibakteri yang terkandung dalam rumput laut tersebut belum diketahui. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur stabilitas senyawa antibakteri yang terkandung didalam rumput laut Halimeda micronesica. Bakteri uji (Aeromonas salmonicida dan Aeromonas hydrophila) diinokulasikan kedalam cawan petri yang berisi media Nutrient Agar. Kemudian kertas cakram (± 6) mm diletakkan diatas permukaan media Nutrient Agar, lalu diteteskan ekstrak kasar rumput laut sebanyak 20 µl dengan konsentrasi 15% pada masing-masing kertas cakram dan diinkubasi pada temperatur 28oC, 30 oC, 32 oC selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa antibakteri yang terkandung dalam ekstrak kasar rumput laut Halimeda micronesica tidak stabil. Karena diameter zona bening yang terbentuk berbeda di setiap pengukuran. Senyawa bioaktif yang terkandung dalam Halimeda micronesica tidak stabil meskipun diameter zona bening yang terbentuk tergolong kua

Diagnostic and preventive service trends in private general practice: 1983-1984 to 1998-1999

The document attached has been archived with permission from the Australian Dental Association. An external link to the publisher’s copy is included.Background: Aggregate trends have indicated increases in the provision of diagnostic and preventive services but there have been few reports based on their component sub-categories. The aims of this study were to investigate time trends in the provision of sub-categories of diagnostic and preventive services across a 15-year period. Methods: A random sample of Australian dentists was surveyed by mailed questionnaire in 1983-1984, 1988-1989, 1993-1994 and 1998-1999 (response rates 71-75 per cent). Data were weighted to provide representative estimates for the age by sex distribution of private general practitioners in 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998. Results: Rates per visit were higher, Poisson regression, P<0.05, in 1998-1999 compared to baseline for examinations, radiographs, prophylaxis and topical fluoride. Diagnostic and preventive service rates varied by age of patient: compared to patients aged 65+ years, examinations were higher among children aged <5 years to adults aged 25-44 years, radiographs were lower among children <5 years and 5-11 years but higher among adults aged from 18-24 years to 45-64 years, prophylaxis services were lower among children <5 years but higher among adolescents 12-17 years to adults aged 45-64 years, while topical fluoride was higher among children 5-11 years and adolescents 12-17 years. Conclusions: Examination, radiograph, prophylaxis, and topical fluoride rates increased over the study period. While examination rates increased for both children and adults, and prophylaxis rates increased for adolescents and adults, rates for radiographs and topical fluoride only increased for adults. Agespecific changes in service rates over time indicate the effect of changing oral health status and population demographics on service provision.DS Brennan, AJ Spence

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS KARANG PADA KEDALAMAN 1-5 METER DIPERAIRAN PULAU TIKUS, KOTA BENGKULU

Terumbu karang adalah suatu habitat untuk berbagai interaksi antar organisme dalam ekosistem yang ada diperairan. terumbu karang juga  mempunyai berbagai fungsi yang antara lain sebagai gudang keanekaragaman hayati biota-biota laut, tempat tinggal sementara atau tetap, tempat mencari makan , memijah, daerah asuhan dan tempat berlindung bagi hewan laut lainnya.Identifikasi jenis karang di kawasan Perairan Pulau Tikus, Kota Bengkulu belum pernah dilakukan, oleh karena itu penelitian ini penting untuk dilakukan mengingat fungsi dan manfaat terumbu karang yang sangat penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis karang yang ada di perairan pulau Tikus, Kota Bengkulu. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survey. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode Purposive sampling. Identifikasi karang menggunakan metode morfometrik. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 8 genus dan 12 spesies yaitu : genus Acropora (Acropora Intermedia, Acropora Pulchra) genus Hydnopora (Hydnopora Pilosa) genus Pocillopora (Pocillopora Damicornis) genus Porites (Porites Cylindrica, Porites Lobata, Porites Synarea rus) genus Pavona (Pavona Clavus) genus Montipora (Montipora Foliosa, Montipora Samarensis) genus Ctenactis (Ctenactis Echinata) genus Palauastrea (PalauastreaRamosa)Coral reef is a habitat for various interactions between organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Coral reefs also have various functions, including as a place  for biodiversity of marine biota, temporary or permanent shelter, foraging, spawning, nursery and shelter for other marine animals. Identification of coral species in Pulau Tikus waters, Kota Bengkulu has never been conducted, therefore research is important to do considering the very important functions and benefits of coral reefs. This study aims to determine the types of corals in the waters of Tikus Island, Bengkulu City. The research method used was the survey method. The sampling method used was purposive sampling method. Coral identification using the morphometric method. The results found 8 genera and 12 species, namely: genus Acropora (Acropora intermedia, Acropora pulchra) genus Hydnopora (Hydnopora pilosa) genus Pocillopora (Pocillopora damicornis) genus Porites (Porites cylindrica, Porites lobata, Porites synarea rus) genus Pavona (Pavona clavus) genus Montipora (Montipora foliosa, Montipora samarensis) genus Ctenactis (Ctenactis echinata) genus Palauastrea (Palauastrea ramosa)

Payment instruments, finance and development

This paper studies the effects of a payment technology innovation (mobile money) on entrepreneurship and economic development in a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model. In the model mobile money dominates fiat money as a medium of exchange, since it avoids the risk of theft, but comes with electronic transaction costs. We show that entrepreneurs with higher productivity and access to trade credit are more likely to adopt mobile money as a payment instrument vis-a-vis suppliers. Calibrating the stationary equilibrium of the model to match firm-level data from Kenya, we show significant quantitative implications of mobile money for entrepreneurial growth and macroeconomic development

PEMBUATAN MASKER KAIN DAN HAND SANITIZER DALAM UPAYA PEMUTUSAN MATA RANTAI PENULARAN COVID-19 DI LINGKUNGAN RT 06 KELURAHAN KEBUN KENANGA KOTA BENGKULU

Indonesia saat ini sedang menghadapi wabah virus Corona SARS-CoV-2 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan pandemi Covid-19 atau Virus Corona. Virus ini menimbulkan dampak yang sangat luar biasa terhadap masyarakat, mulai dari ekonomi, tatanan sosial hingga keselamatan dan nyawa. Kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia terkait dengan penanganan penyebaran virus ini dengan cara melakukan social distancing dan physical distancing. Saat ini pemerintah telah mengeluarkan kebijakan baru dengan membiarkan masyarakatnya melakukan aktivitas di luar rumah seperti biasanya atau dikenal dengan istilah New Normal. Hal ini dapat berdampak terhadap masyarakat yang memiliki kemungkinan besar dapat terjangkit virus ini. Pada saat ini imun tubuh masyarakat haruslah dalam kondisi yang baik dan masyarakat harus menjaga kebersihan lingkungan serta tubuhnya. Untuk menjaga kebersihan dapat dengan membiasakan untuk mencuci tangan dengan sabun atau dengan menggunakan hand sanitizer dan selalu menggunakan masker ketika akan beraktivitas diluar rumah. PRODUCTION OF CLOTH MASK PRODUCTION AND HAND SANITIZER TO TREAT THE TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 IN RT 06 KEBUN KENANGA VILLAGE, BENGKULU CITY. Indonesia is currently facing an outbreak of the Corona SARS-CoV-2 virus or better known as the Covid-19 pandemic or Corona Virus. This virus has had a tremendous impact on society, from the economy, social order to safety and lives. The Indonesian government policy is related to handling the spread of this virus by conducting social distancing and physical distancing. Currently the government has issued a new policy by allowing people to carry out activities outside the home as usual or known as the New Normal. This can have an impact on people who have a high probability of contracting this virus. At this time the people's immune system must be in good condition and the community must maintain the cleanliness of the environment and their bodies. In order to maintain cleanliness, people can get used to washing your hands with soap or by using a hand sanitizer and always using a mask when you are going to do activities outside the home

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK METANOL RUMPUT LAUT Gracilaria edulis TERHADAP BAKTERI Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas hydrophila merupakan jenis bakteri penyebab penyakit yang paling banyak ditemukan pada usaha budidaya  perikanan. Alternatif pengobatan yang paling sering digunakan yaitu obat-obatan kimia yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan memberikan resistensi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ekstrak metanol rumput laut Gracilaria edulis dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan preparasi rumput laut guna memperoleh ekstrak rumput laut kemudian melakukan preparasi bakteri yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila murni. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar. Konsentrasi ekstrak metanol yang digunakan yaitu 3%, 6%, 9%, dan 12%. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak rumput laut Gracilaria edulis menggunakan pelarut metanol memiliki potensi sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri patogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Ekstrak metanol dengan konsentrasi 12% memiliki zona hambat yang paling besar (rata-rata 19,7 mm) dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi metanol lainnya. Semua ekstrak Gracilaria edulis memiliki sifat bakteriostatik.ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SEAWEED METHANOL EXTRACTS Gracilaria edulis AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila BACTERIA. Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common type of disease-causing bacteria found in aquaculture. The most commonly used alternative treatment is chemical drugs that are not environmentally friendly and provide bacterial resistance. This study aims to analyze the methanol extract of Gracilaria edulis seaweed with different concentrations as antibacterial against the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. This study began with the preparation of seaweed in order to obtain seaweed extract and then made bacterial preparations aimed at obtaining pure Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. Antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method. The concentrations of methanol extract used were 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. Each treatment was repeated three times. The results showed that Gracilaria edulis seaweed extract using methanol solvent had the potential as an antibacterial against the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Methanol extract with a concentration of 12% had the largest inhibition zone (average 19.7 mm) compared to other methanol concentrations. All Gracilaria edulis extracts had bacteriostatic properties

DETEKSI MOLEKULER WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) PADA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) DI PT. HASFAM INTI SENTOSA

Udang vanname (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan salah satu jenis udang yang umum dibudidayakan di Indonesia sejak pemerintahan mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk mengintroduksinya sebagai upaya menanggulangi penurunan produksi. Kehadiran udang vanname di Indonesia pada awalnya dapat diterima dan berkembang dengan baik oleh pembudidaya udang. Namun, produksi udang mengalami kemerosotan beberapa tahun terakhir seiring kemunculan penyaki. Virus disinyalir menjadi patogen paling berperan memicu penyakit pada udang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi keberadaan WSSV pada udang vanname (Litopenaeus vannamei) secara molekuler serta memperoleh keterkaitan antara kualitas air dengan keberadaan udang yang terinfeksi WSSV. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di PT. Hasfam Inti Sentosa. Sampel di ambil secara acak dari 5 kolam yang berbeda pada hari ke 35 dan ke 70. Deteksi molekuler WSSV dilakukan di SKIPM Kelas II Bengkulu menggunakan Pockit Real Time PCR. Hasil identifikasi molekuler menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat virus WSSV atau negatif (-) WSSV pada udang yang berasal dari PT. Hasfam Inti Sentosa. Kualitas air secara keseluruhan optimal untuk budidaya udang vanname kecuali parameter ammonia dan nitrit. Tetapi parameter ammonia masih dalam batasan toleransi untuk udang vanname sehingga kualitas air tambak masih belum menyebabkan udang terinfeksi WSSV