Prescribing practices in German and Swiss psychiatric university and in non-university hospitals: national differences

Objective: There are great variations between hospitals in the way drugs are prescribed, and these variations may be due to multiple factors such as local prescribing traditions, pharmacoeconomic considerations, drug availability, regional differences of population, disease prevalence etc. Available studies on prescribing habits, apart from studies performed in a unique center, have until now been mainly restricted to single countries or regions and the comparisons across countries or regions have often been limited by the use of diverse methodologies and definitions. The aim of the present study was to compare drug prescriptions between German and Swiss psychiatric services with regard to their preference of newer psychotropics. Material and methods: Five psychiatric hospitals, associated to the AMSP project, were chosen to represent Swiss and German clinics, university and non-university settings. Data were available from one index day on 572 patients and 1,745 prescriptions. The comparisons were adjusted for age and gender. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) with regard to the prescription of newer antidepressants (NAD), Swiss clinicians giving proportionally more (65.2%) than the German psychiatrists (48.3%). No significant difference was, on the other hand, found as to the proportion of atypical antipsychotics, the lack of difference being due to the higher proportion of clozapine among the atypical antipsychotics in Germany. Conclusion: There seems, therefore, to be a higher propensity for Swiss hospital psychiatrists to prescribe newer antidepressants. This seems to be due to national or regional prescribing traditions. Further studies are needed to investigate the economical influences on antidepressant prescribing in Swiss and German clinics

Session Types for Object-Oriented Languages

Abstract. A session takes place between two parties; after establishing a connection, each party interleaves local computations with communications (sending or receiving) with the other. Session types characterise such sessions in terms of the types of values communicated and the shape of protocols, and have been developed for the π-calculus, CORBA interfaces, and functional languages. We study the incorporation of session types into object-oriented languages through MOOSE, a multi-threaded language with session types, thread spawning, iterative and higher-order sessions. Our design aims to consistently integrate the objectoriented programming style and sessions, and to be able to treat various case studies from the literature. We describe the design of MOOSE, its syntax, operational semantics and type system, and develop a type inference system. After proving subject reduction, we establish the progress property: once a communication has been established, well-typed programs will never starve at communication points.