A Prefeasibility Economic Evaluation and Geochemical Characteristics of Abuja Leather Mining District Pegmatites, Southwestern Nigeria

The Abuja leather mining district located in southwestern Nigeria is one of the productive pegmatite field in Nigeria and is known to bear valuable economic minerals and associated with granite gneiss were studied with a view to evaluate their petrogenetic characteristics and economic evaluation of the rare metal Ta-Nb mineralization in the area. A systematic geological survey, pitting, geochemical analysis and economic evaluation were carried out. Petrological studies were carried out on some selected representative rock samples were prepared and studied for petrographic analysis. Mineralization is limited to the pegmatites which are moderately weathered in the prospect zones and these streams of pegmatitic veins are semi discordant and they contain mainly quartz, muscovite, mica-plagioclase (albite), and microcline as the main minerals while tourmaline and beryl occur in subordinate amounts.Geochemical analysis revealed that the pegmatites are siliceous and of rare – metal type. The host rocks are peraluminous and of S – type. Albite, lepidolite and muscovites (extracted from the pegmatites) are significantly enriched in Li, Rb Cs, Nb and Ta compared to the granite gneiss. The whole rock samples showed strong affinity to the syn-collisional and volcanic arc granites with an enrichment LREE and a depletion in HREE with a strong negative Eu anomaly. the rare-metal pegmatites exhibit pronounced negative Eu and slightly positive Ce anomalies. The low K/Rb ratio of the pegmatites indicates fraction accompanied by Rb enrichment and Ba depletion. Probable reserves of Ta2O5, Nb2O5 and SnO2 for prospect 1 up to 20m assuming grade constancy is 131.00tons, 396.11tons and 306.96tons respectively, for prospect 2 is 279.05 tons, 858.913 tons and 783.08 tons respectively, for prospect 3 is 60.58 tons, 822.16 tons and 697.96tons respectively, for prospect 4 is 3.59 tons, 8.72 tons and 32.55 tons and for prospect 5 is 255.52 tons, 616.98 tons and 441.41 tons respectively. Proper process method to maximize recovery is suggested to make the venture profitable as enumerated in this research. The present system of recovery using simple planning method can only guarantee 11% recovery, which will not be economical considering the size of the deposit. Keywords: pegmatite, economic evaluation, geochemistry, recovery, Nigeria

Inactivation of a Plasmodium apicoplast protein attenuates formation of liver merozoites

Malaria parasites undergo a population expansion inside the host liver before disease onset. Developmental arrest inside host hepatocytes elicits protective immune responses. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms leading to mature hepatic merozoites, which initiate the pathogenic blood phase, also informs anti-malaria vaccine strategies. Using targeted gene deletion in the rodent model malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei, we show that a Plasmodium-specific Apicoplast protein plays an important role for Liver Merozoite formation (PALM). While the resulting knockout mutants develop normally for most of the life cycle, merozoite release into the blood stream and the ability to establish an infection are severely impaired. Presence of a signature blood-stage antigen, merozoite surface protein 1 and normal apicoplast morphology indicate that the inability to finalize merozoite segregation is a direct consequence of loss of PALM function. Experimental immunization of mice with as few as two doses of palm- sporozoites can elicit sterile protection up to 110 days after final immunization. Our data establish that a tailor-made arrest in the final steps of hepatic merozoite formation can induce strong protective immune responses and that malaria parasites employ a distinct apicoplast protein for efficient formation of pre-erythrocytic merozoites

Yeast Screens Identify the RNA Polymerase II CTD and SPT5 as Relevant Targets of BRCA1 Interaction

BRCA1 has been implicated in numerous DNA repair pathways that maintain genome integrity, however the function responsible for its tumor suppressor activity in breast cancer remains obscure. To identify the most highly conserved of the many BRCA1 functions, we screened the evolutionarily distant eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae for mutants that suppressed the G1 checkpoint arrest and lethality induced following heterologous BRCA1 expression. A genome-wide screen in the diploid deletion collection combined with a screen of ionizing radiation sensitive gene deletions identified mutants that permit growth in the presence of BRCA1. These genes delineate a metabolic mRNA pathway that temporally links transcription elongation (SPT4, SPT5, CTK1, DEF1) to nucleopore-mediated mRNA export (ASM4, MLP1, MLP2, NUP2, NUP53, NUP120, NUP133, NUP170, NUP188, POM34) and cytoplasmic mRNA decay at P-bodies (CCR4, DHH1). Strikingly, BRCA1 interacted with the phosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) carboxy terminal domain (P-CTD), phosphorylated in the pattern specified by the CTDK-I kinase, to induce DEF1-dependent cleavage and accumulation of a RNAPII fragment containing the P-CTD. Significantly, breast cancer associated BRCT domain defects in BRCA1 that suppressed P-CTD cleavage and lethality in yeast also suppressed the physical interaction of BRCA1 with human SPT5 in breast epithelial cells, thus confirming SPT5 as a relevant target of BRCA1 interaction. Furthermore, enhanced P-CTD cleavage was observed in both yeast and human breast cells following UV-irradiation indicating a conserved eukaryotic damage response. Moreover, P-CTD cleavage in breast epithelial cells was BRCA1-dependent since damage-induced P-CTD cleavage was only observed in the mutant BRCA1 cell line HCC1937 following ectopic expression of wild type BRCA1. Finally, BRCA1, SPT5 and hyperphosphorylated RPB1 form a complex that was rapidly degraded following MMS treatment in wild type but not BRCA1 mutant breast cells. These results extend the mechanistic links between BRCA1 and transcriptional consequences in response to DNA damage and suggest an important role for RNAPII P-CTD cleavage in BRCA1-mediated cancer suppression

Why Functional Pre-Erythrocytic and Bloodstage Malaria Vaccines Fail: A Meta-Analysis of Fully Protective Immunizations and Novel Immunological Model

Background: Clinically protective malaria vaccines consistently fail to protect adults and children in endemic settings, and at best only partially protect infants. Methodology/Principal Findings: We identify and evaluate 1916 immunization studies between 1965-February 2010, and exclude partially or nonprotective results to find 177 completely protective immunization experiments. Detailed reexamination reveals an unexpectedly mundane basis for selective vaccine failure: live malaria parasites in the skin inhibit vaccine function. We next show published molecular and cellular data support a testable, novel model where parasite-host interactions in the skin induce malaria-specific regulatory T cells, and subvert early antigen-specific immunity to parasite-specific immunotolerance. This ensures infection and tolerance to reinfection. Exposure to Plasmodium-infected mosquito bites therefore systematically triggers immunosuppression of endemic vaccine-elicited responses. The extensive vaccine trial data solidly substantiate this model experimentally. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude skinstage-initiated immunosuppression, unassociated with bloodstage parasites, systematically blocks vaccine function in the field. Our model exposes novel molecular and procedural strategies to significantly and quickly increase protective efficacy in both pipeline and currently ineffective malaria vaccines, and forces fundamental reassessment of central precepts determining vaccine development. This has major implications fo

The role of cGMP signalling in regulating life cycle progression of Plasmodium.

The 3'-5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) is the main mediator of cGMP signalling in the malaria parasite. This article reviews the role of PKG in Plasmodium falciparum during gametogenesis and blood stage schizont rupture, as well as the role of the Plasmodium berghei orthologue in ookinete differentiation and motility, and liver stage schizont development. The current views on potential effector proteins downstream of PKG and the mechanisms that may regulate cyclic nucleotide levels are presented

Application of Electrical Resistivity in Buildings Foundation Investigation in Ibese Southwestern Nigeria

Application of geophysical investigation has been carried out using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) at the proposed building site in Ibese Southwest Nigeria to determine the geophysical parameters that can be used to evaluate the structural competence of the subsurface geological characteristics of the site for construction purposes and building development. The Schlumberger configuration was used for the data acquisition. One-dimensional numerical inversion of individual DC resistivity was used to enhance the processing of the results for better achievement of the aim of the study. Models obtained from the 2D inversion of each VES were used for construction of geo-electric sections which exhibit the main geo-electric characteristics of the geological units present in the area. The interpretation results showed that the geo-electric sections consist of three-four layers namely: topsoil, pebble clay, limestone and sand/limestone. The layer resistivities and thicknesses range from 11 - 404 Ohm-m/0.4 - 1.5 m, 2-210 Ohm-m/ 0.8 - 9.2m and 33 - 160Ohm-m respectively. The investigation revealed that the sand/limestone litho unit is to be the most competent for shallow foundation for small to medium engineering structures. &nbsp

The Geotechnical Investigation of Subsoil Materials in a Typical Basement Terrain, Southwestern Nigeria- A Case study.

Geotechnical investigation of the subsurface materials of a proposed Primary Health Center (PHC) in Modeke Oyo East Local Government Area (OELGA). of Oyo State has been conducted. The investigation is aimed to determine the suitability of the site for the proposed Bungalow building by assessing the subsoil strata that underlie the area. Three (3) points were tested to depth of 4.75m using a 2.5-ton DCPT equipment, while three (3) trial pits were dug to a depth of 1.5m with the aid of hand auger, and various lab analysis were conductedon selected samples from the trial pits. The result obtained from the DCPT indicates that subsurface is made up of stiff to very stiff sandy lateritic clay underlain by very stiff to hard sandy lateritic clay with hard pans layers. The allowable bearing pressure was observed to increase with depth to 4.75m further confirmed the subsurface lithologies. The Allowable Bearing Pressure (qa) in kN/m2) with a range of values 81 – 256 kN/m2, 54 – 155 kN/m2 and 162 – 338 kN/m2 for DCPT points 1, 2, and 3 respectively, indicate a Safe Bearing Pressure thatcan support load up to 45 kN/m with factor of safety of 2.5. Sieve analysis results revealed that the soil is well graded with dominant gravel which show a well-drained soil with good strength characteristics. Liquid limits ranged from 26.7% to 43.3%, plastic limits from 15% to 27% and plasticity index from 9.7% to 27.3%, thus indicating low to medium compressibility. The natural moisture contents values range between 4% and 15%, indicating lateritic clay of low to medium plasticity with low moisture content. Based on the above deductions, it can be concluded that, the factor of safety of 2.5 calculated from the allowable bearing pressure from the CPT, low to medium compressibility from Atterberg limits test and moisture content below 15% show that the investigated site is good and could safely support a bungalow building as proposed

Groundwater Potential Modelling and Aquifer Zonation of a Typical Basement Complex Terrain: A Case Study

Abstract Geophysical exploration using Vertical Electrical Resistivity (VES) techniques has been employed to study the groundwater potential and vulnerability of selected locations. The objective is to investigate nature and groundwater yielding potential of the area under investigation and to understand roles of various geophysical parameters in groundwater potential of the area and their effective characterisation of hydrogeological units. The juxtaposition of contour maps which show variations in hydrogeological parameters in a continuum manner is worthwhile. The results have really shown that the general trend of groundwater potential within the study area is low as indicated from the hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity and porosity. The generated groundwater potential map of the area can be used in designing appropriate groundwater exploration and management within the area and can serve as a roadmap for further expansion of the research work.</jats:p