Some issues in monetary economics

Money supply ; Money theory ; Inflation (Finance)

New particle formation, growth and apparent shrinkage at a rural background site in western Saudi Arabia

Atmospheric aerosols have significant effects on human health and the climate. A large fraction of these aerosols originates from secondary new particle formation (NPF), where atmospheric vapors form small particles that subsequently grow into larger sizes. In this study, we characterize NPF events observed at a rural background site of Hada Al Sham (21.802 degrees N, 39.729 degrees E), located in western Saudi Arabia, during the years 2013-2015. Our analysis shows that NPF events occur very frequently at the site, as 73 % of all the 454 classified days were NPF days. The high NPF frequency is likely explained by the typically prevailing conditions of clear skies and high solar radiation, in combination with sufficient amounts of precursor vapors for particle formation and growth. Several factors suggest that in Hada Al Sham these precursor vapors are related to the transport of anthropogenic emissions from the coastal urban and industrial areas. The median particle formation and growth rates for the NPF days were 8.7 cm(-3) s(-1) (J(7)(nm)) and 7.4 nm h(-1) (GR(7-12nm)), respectively, both showing highest values during late summer. Interestingly, the formation and growth rates increase as a function of the condensation sink, likely reflecting the common anthropogenic sources of NPF precursor vapors and primary particles affecting the condensation sink. A total of 76 % of the NPF days showed an unusual progression, where the observed diameter of the newly formed particle mode started to decrease after the growth phase. In comparison to most long-term measurements, the NPF events in Hada Al Sham are exceptionally frequent and strong both in terms of formation and growth rates. In addition, the frequency of the decreasing mode diameter events is higher than anywhere else in the world.Peer reviewe

The Protective Effect of a Sunscreen upon the Lysosomes of Ultraviolet-Irradiated Skin

It has been generally accepted in the literature that the substituted benzophenones, having wide-spectrum ultraviolet absorbing properties, provide excellent protection from the harmful effects of sunburn. Evidence is here presented which indicates that release of lysosomal acid phosphatase and acid protease was facilitated in cultured human foreskin and rodent skin in vivo after exposure to UV radiation, without protection by 10% sulisobenzone. Under these experimental conditions, there occurred in human foreskin an accelerated leakage of acid phosphatase from membrane-bound sites evidenced by diffuse histochemical staining.</jats:p

An Analysis of the Uniform Consumer Credit Code

The proposed Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) developed by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) is intended to remedy many of the imperfections that have been accumulating in the consumer credit market in the last sixty years. I. Stimulating Creditor Competition … A. Pre-Code Legislation … B. The Code Provisions … C. The Effect on the Market II. Increasing Consumer Awareness of the Finance Charge III. Regulating Creditor Activity in Credit Extensions, Collections, and Contract Terms IV. Improving the Consumer’s Remedial Position V. Conclusio