Reform, Reform the Reforms or Simply Regression? The Washington Consensus' and its Critics

The 'Washington Consensus' analysis and policies are being disputed both analytically and for their effectiveness.This paper surveys first the debate on the definition of the 'Washington Consensus' vis-a-vis its apparent developmental shortcomings. Then it surveys the major areas where the 'Washington Consensus' isjudged as a failure (with articular emphasis on the crises of the 1990s).In the next part it presents the main responses to the 'crisis' of the 'Washington Consensus'. Its supporters are categorised in tre fundamentalists and the reformists whereas its opponents are divided in the post-Washington Consensus adherents and the Marxist critics. It is argued that the Marxist perspective offers a superior understanding and critique of the 'Washington Consensus'

Reform, Reform the Reforms or Simply Regression? The Washington Consensus' and its Critics

The 'Washington Consensus' analysis and policies are being disputed both analytically and for their effectiveness.This paper surveys first the debate on the definition of the 'Washington Consensus' vis-a-vis its apparent developmental shortcomings. Then it surveys the major areas where the 'Washington Consensus' isjudged as a failure (with articular emphasis on the crises of the 1990s).In the next part it presents the main responses to the 'crisis' of the 'Washington Consensus'. Its supporters are categorised in tre fundamentalists and the reformists whereas its opponents are divided in the post-Washington Consensus adherents and the Marxist critics. It is argued that the Marxist perspective offers a superior understanding and critique of the 'Washington Consensus'.Development; WashingtonConsensus; Political Economy

Peran Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Menyiapkan Guru Profesional untuk Generasi Z

The purpose of this research is to know the role of headmaster in preparing the professional teacher for the student of Z generation. This research uses the qualitative approach, data analysis technique using observation, interview, and observation method. The result of the "first" study of principal leadership role can be seen from 4 (four) aspects as the educator, manager, administrator, and supervisor. The "two" professional teachers in preparing Z-generation students are those who master the curriculum, master the taught material, using multi-learning methods, have the discipline in the widest sense. The "third generation" of the Z-generation is those who know the ins and outs of technology

Identification of soil-structure interaction effects based on geodetic monitoring of a railway bridge

The monitoring of bridges using geodetic methodologies permits the direct measurement of displacements and potential identification of effects of soil-structure interaction. In this study the response of the historical Gorgopotamos railway (Central Greece) has been measured using a Robotic Total Station (RTS) during the passage of trains on different times of the year and under various soil conditions. The measurements revealed that the initial impact response of the deck to the train loading presents differences which seem to correlate with the differences in the moisture content of the bridge foundation ground

Vibrationally resolved partial cross sections and asymmetry parameters for carbon K-shell photoionization of the CO_2 molecule

We have measured the vibrationally resolved partial cross sections \sigma_{v_1^{\prime}} and asymmetry parameters \beta_{v_1^{\prime}} for C K-shell photoionization of the CO2 molecule in the Σu shape resonance region above the C K-shell ionization threshold. The positions of both the maxima of \sigma_{v_1^{\prime}} and the minima of \beta_{v_1^{\prime}} move towards the C K-shell threshold with increasing symmetric stretching vibrational excitation v'1 in the C 1s single-hole state. Calculations employing the relaxed-core Hartree–Fock approach reproduce the observed vibrational effects

Molecular frame photoelectron angular distribution for oxygen 1s photoemission from CO_2 molecules

We have measured photoelectron angular distributions in the molecular frame (MF-PADs) for O 1s photoemission from CO2, using photoelectron-O+–CO+ coincidence momentum imaging. Results for the molecular axis at 0, 45 and 90° to the electric vector of the light are reported. The major features of the MF-PADs are fairly well reproduced by calculations employing a relaxed-core Hartree–Fock approach. Weak asymmetric features are seen through a plane perpendicular to the molecular axis and attributed to symmetry lowering by anti-symmetric stretching motion

Angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of two-color XUV-NIR ionization with polarization control

Electron emission caused by extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation in the presence of a strong near infrared (NIR) field leads to multiphoton interactions that depend on several parameters. Here, a comprehensive study of the influence of the angle between the polarization directions of the NIR and XUV fields on the two-color angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of He and Ne is presented. The resulting photoelectron angular distribution strongly depends on the orientation of the NIR polarization plane with respect to that of the XUV field. The prevailing influence of the intense NIR field over the angular emission characteristics for He(1s) and Ne(2p) ionization lines is shown. The underlying processes are modeled in the frame of the strong field approximation (SFA) which shows very consistent agreement with the experiment reaffirming the power of the SFA for multicolor-multiphoton ionization in this regime

Breakdown of the Two-Step Model in K-Shell Photoemission and Subsequent Decay Probed by the Molecular-Frame Photoelectron Angular Distributions of CO_2

We report results of measurements and of Hartree-Fock level calculations of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions (MFPADs) for C 1s photoemission from CO2. The agreement between the measured and calculated MFPADs is on average reasonable. The measured MFPADs display a weak but definite asymmetry with respect to the O+ and CO+ fragment ions at certain energies, providing evidence for an overlap of gerade and ungerade final ionic states giving rise to a partial breakdown of the two-step model of core-level photoionization and its subsequent Auger decay