INTERAKSI SOSIAL ETNIK TIONGHOA DENGAN MASYARAKAT SETEMPAT DI PERUMAHAN BUDHA SUCI PANTERIEK

Banda Ace

Effect of glucocorticoid status on clock gene expression in components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

This thesis explores the role of glucocorticoids in entraining the rhythmicity of clock gene expression in components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, specifically the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. Physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms rely on molecular oscillators inside cells of living organisms. Rhythmic expression of associated clock genes is dependent on the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is synchronized to the light/dark cycle with an intrinsic rhythm near 24 hours. Extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues in the body have been shown to have molecular clocks; interestingly, the SCN has sparse direct neural input in these regions. Previous research has indicated that glucocorticoids (CORT) are able to entrain clock gene rhythmicity in peripheral tissues, suggesting the SCN may synchronize peripheral clocks through a diurnal expression of CORT. Little work has been done to explore this possible mechanism of entrainment in the brain but has been characterized in periphery where CORT has been shown to cause a phase shift, induce, or abolish clock gene expression in tissues such as liver and kidney. This thesis characterizes clock gene expression in response to three different CORT profiles: antiphasic CORT treated, phasic CORT treated, and vehicle treated in adrenalectomized rats. We found that expression of clock genes Per1 and Per2 varied with CORT treatment in both the PVN and anterior pituitary, but also that CORT influenced genes differently in the two regions. The results suggest that CORT may have a permissive effect in the periphery, necessary for clock gene expression, but has an entraining effect in the brain. This study was an important step in understanding the role of CORT in HPA axis regulation and disruption. Such disruptions and dysregulation of the HPA have been observed in numerous conditions such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and sleep disorders

An Analysis of Primate Behavioral Responses to Environmental Change: An Anthropological and Neurobiological Approach

This thesis explores the relationship between stress, measured by glucocorticoid levels, and parasites in primate taxa to evaluate physiological and behavioral responses to humaninduced and environmental change. By conducting an in-depth literature review, data was collected from relevant studies and compared in novel ways to try and create a primate behavioral template. Fragmented and disturbed habitats were compared to intact environments. In general, across taxa primates living in anthropogenically disturbed sites exhibited elevated parasite loads and glucocorticoid levels, as was expected. Notable exceptions to this trend indicate that a more detailed consideration of the kind of anthropogenic influence primates are experiencing in an important factor. In disturbed sites, reduced food availability, increased population, and increased terrestriality all contributed to the risk of parasite infection. Where these indicators are present, there is also a high likelihood of observing chronically elevated levels of glucocorticoids. However, if resources are supplemented, either through human provisioning or crop raiding, elevated glucocorticoids is less likely. In these situations there may be more parasite diversity, but not necessarily a rise in density or degree of infection. These results indicate that parasite measures coupled with glucocorticoid analysis is an important and novel method for monitoring the health of primates and particularly their responses to environmental change. Such analyses may also facilitate conservation efforts

Implikasi Pemenuhan Hak Ekosob Masyarakat Temajuk Terhadap Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia

The purpose of the research is to explain if the fulfillment of economic, social, and cultural (ecosoc) rights in Temajuk as a borderland are affecting national defense of Indonesia. In order to prove said argument, the research will describe the view of fulfillment as a reality of those rights' fulfillment explained beforehand, review efforts from the government, and finally observe the correlation between them with the conception of national defense. Temajuk has some limitations and lack of infrastructures needed to support the optimal fulfillment of economic, social, and cultural rights, specifically to the three main sectors, namely education, health, and food, despit the guarantee of those rights by Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2005 on Ratification of International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). IntisariPenelitian ini berusaha menjelaskan apakah pemenuhan hak ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya (Ekosob) masyarakat Temajuk sebagai masyarakat yang berdomisili di daerah perbatasan memberi pengaruh terhadap ketahanan nasional Indonesia. Untuk membuktikan argumen tersebut, penelitian ini akan mendeskripsikan gambaran pemenuhan sebagai sebuah realita pemenuhan hak ekosob, meninjau upaya pemenuhan hak ekosob oleh Pemerintah, dan melihat korelasi kedua hal tersebut dengan konsepsi ketahanan nasional. Temajuk memiliki keterbatasan dan kekurangan infrastruktur yang mampu menunjang proses terpenuhinyahak ekosob secara optimal, spesifik terhadap tiga sektor utama, yaitu pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pangan. Padahal hak­hak tersebut telah dijamin dalam Undang­ Undang Nomor 11 tahun 2005 Tentang Pengesahan Internasional Covenant On Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights (ICESCR)