Analysis of the Rule of Fair Trial in Quasi-Judicial Authorities in the Light of Charter of Citizenship Rights Adopted in 2016

زمینه و هدف: عدالت ویژگی جدایی‌ناپذیر در هر دادرسی به ویژه دادرسی‌های مراجع شبه‌قضایی است. رعایت عدالت برای سیستم قضایی را می‌توان در چند بخش دارای ضمانت اجرا مشاهده نمود، از جمله اصول بیان‌شده در قانون اساسی و منشور حقوق شهروندی مصوب 1395، معاهدات بین‌المللی و همچنین در منابع فقهی، اصل دادرسی عادلانه می باشد.. هدف ما در این مقاله بررسی نقش اصول دادرسی عادلانه در جریان دادرسی مراجع شبه‌قضایی در پرتو منشور حقوق شهروندی است. یافته های تحقیق:یافته های تحقیق حاکی از این است که قواعد دادرسی عادلانه در مراحل دادرسی توسط نهادهای شبه قضایی آنچنان که بایسته و شایسته است رعایت نمی گردد. زیرا امکان رعایت اصول دادرسی عادلانه و تساوی سلاح ها که از جمله اصول حاکم بر دادرسی عادلانه می باشد حاکم نمی باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: روش تحقیق به صورت توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با دخالت دولت در بسیاری از امور روابط جدیدی شکل گرفت که نیاز به نوعی دادرسی خاص و در نتیجه اطلاعات فنی و آگاهی‌های تخصصی در رشته وابسته به آن‌ها داشت. از طرف دیگر، رفع اختلافات ناشی از آن روابط، نیازمند سرعت عمل و اتخاذ تصمیم سریع بود که با طبع مراجع قضایی عمومی و آیین دادرسی آن سازگار نبود، پس مراجعی در خارج از سامانه مراجع عمومی قضایی، با عنوان‌های سازمان، هیأت، کمیسیون‌های حل اختلاف و... به وجود آمدند که بر اساس قوانین ماهوی و شکلی ویژه، به اختلافاتی که از اجرای قوانین خاص ناشی می‌گردد، رسیدگی می‌نمایند.Background and Aim: Justice is an inseparable feature in any trial, especially the proceedings of quasi-judicial authorities. Observance of justice for the judicial system can be observed in several sections with a guarantee of implementation: including the principles stated in the Constitution and the Charter of Civil Rights adopted in 2016, international treaties and also in jurisprudential sources. Our purpose in this article is to examine the role of the principles of fair trial in the proceedings of quasi-judicial authorities in the light of the Charter of Civil Rights. Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical using library resources. Conclusion: With the involvement of the government in many matters, new relationships were formed that required a special kind of trial and information and specialized knowledge in the field related to them. On the other hand, resolving disputes arising from those relationships required speed of action and quick decision-making that was inconsistent with the nature of the public judiciary and its procedure. Therefore, authorities were created outside the system of general judicial authorities, with the titles of organization, board, dispute resolution commissions, etc. which deal with disputes arising from the implementation of special laws based on substantive and special laws.   Please cite this article as: Fardoost GH, Rajabi A, Rajabiyeh MH, Golkhandan S. Analysis of the Rule of Fair Trial in Quasi-Judicial Authorities in the Light of Charter of Citizenship Rights Adopted in 2016. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Citizenship Rights, Autumn 2018; 213-227

Imaging And Computation Using Vector Modes

Scientists have long recognized the importance of modes in describing and utilizing the intricate properties of light, as modes are characterized by coherence and orthogonality. Any of the spatial, temporal, frequency, or polarization modes is considered an individual quantum degree of freedom (DoF). Building upon previous innovations, we introduce new perspectives on utilizing modes in the characterization of random media, LiDARs, and photonic processing units. First, we address wavefront distortions of light propagating through random media. We propose to characterize the transfer matrix of coupled multimode transmission channels by representing the wavefronts as superpositions of spatial modes and deploying naturally occurring Rayleigh scattering properties. Our method is beneficial for many applications such as imaging (e.g., endoscopy) and focusing inside random media where the distal end of the optical channel is inaccessible or non-cooperative. Although coherent distributed channel characterization can provide a powerful platform for LiDARs, the applications of spatial and frequency modes in improving LiDAR precision and measurement range will not stop here. We show that using a few-mode local oscillator (LO) with spatial modes at different frequencies at the receiver can significantly enhance the LiDAR detection range. The required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) LiDAR decreases with the number of LO modes. In the few-mode frequency modulated receiver, every spatial mode contributes to the signal detection as an individual element resulting in an improved LiDAR performance by parallelizing the process. In general, optics is scalable and offers many dimensions to parallelize every function. This scalability can also be applied in other applications than LiDARs such as tensor acceleration to escalate the speed and computation power of the photonic processing units. Optics and photonics have great potential to further enhance the performance of neural networks by contributing to three major building blocks of ANNs and deep neural networks (DNNs) including interconnects, matrix multiplication, and nonlinearity. Here, as another application of DoF of light, we demonstrate a photonic tensor accelerator (PTA) based on multidimensional encoding, for the first time. The proposed PTA can perform matrix-vector, matrix-matrix, and batch matrix multiplications in a single clock cycle. The PTA can offer both significantly higher computing power and energy efficiency than state-of-the-art electronic or photonic accelerators

Optimization of Nanowell-Based Label-Free Impedance Biosensor Based on Different Nanowell Structures

Nanowell-based impedance-based label-free biosensors have demonstrated significant advantages in sensitivity, simplicity, and accuracy for detecting cancer biomarkers and macromolecules compared to conventional impedance-based biosensors. Although nanowell arrays have previously been employed for biomarker detection, a notable limitation exists in the photolithography step of their fabrication process, leading to a reduced efficiency rate. Historically, the diameter of these nanowells has been 2 μm. To address this issue, we propose alternative geometries for nanowells that feature larger surface areas while maintaining a similar circumference, thereby enhancing the fabrication efficiency of the biosensors. We investigated three geometries: tube, spiral, and quatrefoil. Impedance measurements of the samples were conducted at 10 min intervals using a lock-in amplifier. The study utilized interleukin-6 (IL-6) antibodies and antigens/proteins at a concentration of 100 nM as the target macromolecules. The results indicated that tube-shaped nanowells exhibited the highest sensitivity for detecting IL-6 protein, with an impedance change of 9.55%. In contrast, the spiral, quatrefoil, and circle geometries showed impedance changes of 0.91%, 0.95%, and 1.62%, respectively. Therefore, the tube-shaped nanowell structure presents a promising alternative to conventional nanowell arrays for future studies, potentially enhancing the efficiency and sensitivity of biosensor fabrication

Comprehensive Review of FinFET Technology: History, Structure, Challenges, Innovations, and Emerging Sensing Applications

The surge in demand for 3D MOSFETs, such as FinFETs, driven by recent technological advances, is explored in this review. FinFETs, positioned as promising alternatives to bulk CMOS, exhibit favorable electrostatic characteristics and offer power/performance benefits, scalability, and control over short-channel effects. Simulations provide insights into functionality and leakage, addressing off-current issues common in narrow band-gap materials within a CMOS-compatible process. Multiple structures have been introduced for FinFETs. Moreover, some studies on the fabrication of FinFETs using different materials have been discussed. Despite their potential, challenges like corner effects, quantum effects, width quantization, layout dependencies, and parasitics have been acknowledged. In the post-planar CMOS landscape, FinFETs show potential for scalability in nanoscale CMOS, which leads to novel structures for them. Finally, recent developments in FinFET-based sensors are discussed. In a general view, this comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of FinFET fabrication, exploring historical development, classifications, and cutting-edge ideas for the used materials and FinFET application, i.e., sensing

Fabry-Perot Filter-Based Mode-Group Demultiplexers

A novel mode-group demultiplexer using Fabry-Perot (FP) filters has been proposed and designed to enable low-crosstalk demultiplexing of mode groups with degeneracies commensurate with those of graded-index (GRIN) MMFs.</jats:p

Few-mode frequency-modulated LiDAR receivers

We present a few-mode frequency-modulated receiver for light detection and ranging (LiDAR). We show that using a few-mode local oscillator (LO) with spatial modes at different frequencies at the receiver can significantly improve the performance of the LiDAR detection range. A preferred receiver architecture features LO modes with unequal frequency separations based on optical orthogonal codes (OOC) to allow range detection via cross correlation. The required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) LiDAR decreases with the number of LO modes. This receiver can have a potential impact in the area of automotive LiDARs.</jats:p