Virulence gene profile and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Kashmir, India

The Staphylococcus aureusis often responsible for a number of diseases in humans and animals, and it is considered as a main etiological agent of bovine mastitis. The pathogenicity of S. aureus is due to both its ability to resist antibiotics, and the production of toxins. This study investigated virulence genes, prevalence and antibiogram profile of S. aureus isolated from dairy cows suffering from mastitis in the Kashmir. A total of 70 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 250 mastitic milk samples collected from both organized (47/150) and unorganized (23/100) dairy farms. Five pathogenic factors including clfA, hld, seo, lukM, and coa and one resistance gene mecAgene were checked through PCR. Clumping factor gene (clfA) was found in most of the isolates with a percentage of 81.42 % whereas,hld, seo, lukM, and coa were present in 61.2, 54.28, 70, and 71 percent of isolates, respectively. However, amplification of coagene yielded DNA bands of two different sizes. A high percentage of antimicrobial resistance rates were observed, wherein, Ampicillin showed highest resistance with 85.7 %, followed by Kanamycin, Cefotaxime, Sulphadizine and Streptomicin showing 71.42 %, 54.28 %, 51.48 % and 42 %, respectively. A high frequency of Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA 28.57 %) was observed in these isolates and all methicillin resistant isolates were found to be positive for mecA gene via PCR amplification. These results revealed that mastitis-associated S. aureus among bovines of Kashmir is able to accumulate different virulence factors and resistance to antimicrobials, making the treatment of infections difficult

Кашмірська мова: фонологічний нарис

Kashmiri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India and in some parts of Pakistan. Some phonological and morphological features of this language make it peculiar among Indo-Aryan languages. This write-up provides a phonological sketch of Kashmiri. The description of Vowels and Consonants is given in order to build a general idea of the phonological system of the language. The process of nasalization is phonemic in Kashmiri. The aim of this write-up is to describe and show all the phonological features of the language, particularly those that are uniquely found in this language. In addition, an attempt has been made to describe and explain the various phonological processes such as Palatalization, Epenthesis and Elision, which occur in Kashmiri. All such processes are described with appropriate examples and the data comprising of lexemes and sounds for examples is primary data used by the author who is a native speaker of the language. Given to the peculiar features of this language, the process of homonymy, which is homographic in nature, is described with appropriate examples. Кашмірська мова – це індоарійська мова, якою здебільшого розмовляють у штатах Джамму й Кашмір у Індії, а також в деяких регіонах Пакистану. Деякі фонологічні та морфологічні відмінності цієї мови роблять її особливою серед індоарійських мов. У статті подано фонологічний нарис кашмірської мови. Опис голосних і приголосних представлено з метою побудови загального уявлення про фонологічну систему досліджу-ваної мови. Процес назалізації в кашмірській мові є фонемним. Метою цього дослідження є опис і відображення всіх фонологічних особливостей мови, особливо тих, які є унікальними в цій мові. Крім того, здійснено спробу опису й пояснення різних фонологічних процесів, таких як палаталізація, епентеза й елізія, які трапляються в досліджуваній мові. У цій статті всі згадані процеси описані з наведенням відповідних прикладів, а дані, що складаються з прикладів лексем і звуків, є первинними даними, які використані одним з авторів – носієм мови. Враховуючи особливі риси цієї мови, процес омонімії, який має гомографічний характер, описано за допомогою відповідних прикладів

Isolation, virulence gene profiling with molecular cloning of ibeA gene and antibiogram of Escherichia coli from respiratory tract infections of broiler chicken in Kashmir, India

he present study has determined prevalence, serological diversity, virulence gene profileand in vitro antibiogram of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from respiratory tract of broiler chicken in Kashmir valley along with molecular cloning of ibeA gene, an important zoonotic among invasion-associated genes responsible for neonatal meningitis in humans. A total of 224 broilerchickens with a history of respiratory tract infections, in a flock size of 2692 birds from organised and unorganised poultry farms of Kashmir valley, were screened for E. coli isolation. The prevalence of E. coli in birds with respiratory tract infection was found to be 6.38 per cent. Serogrouping revealed that the E. coli isolates were typeable into 10 serogroups with prevalence rate of 8.8% for serogroup O2, along with few isolates rough or untypeable. The screening of E. coli isolates for virulence gene profile revealed the presence of iss in (89.53%), iucDin (85.46 %), tsh in (51.74 %), cva/cvi in (33.14 %), irp2in (55.23 %), papCin (33.72 %), vat in (31.39 %), astAin (38.95 %), fimCin (93.60 %) and ibeAin (1.16 %) isolates. The antibiogram screening of E. coli isolates revealed majority of isolates to be resistant to tetracycline (94.71%), ampicillin (92.67%) and cephalaxin (79.67%).However, most of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin (74.41%) followed by amoxacillin-sulbactam (68.60%) and gentamicin (67.44%). The study thus, suggests that the E. coli isolates from respiratory tract infection of poultry harbour differential virulence genes along with the genes of zoonotic interest and variable antimicrobial resistance, thus, opening the areas for devising dynamic, emergent and effective treatment line

Emerging Legal Issues of E-Commerce IT ACT 2008

Internet has unfolded a new market for businesses to explore and exploit. The enormous flexibility and speed of Internet makes it the most modern platform for businesses as well as consumers to execute business transactions. The goods and services of diverse nature are being offered to the businesses or to the consumers globally. The whole world has been converted in to the market to be available on the click of a mouse on the laptop or palmtop. To provide security and legal recognition to the transactions executed electronically, the Indian Parliament enacted the Information Technology Act, 2000 modeled on UNCITRAL\u27s Model Law, though it departs in many respects from the spirit of the Model Law. Immediately after the enactment of the IT Act, it was found that certain significant provisions are missing in this enactment; its provisions lack harmony and above all many legal issues have not been properly spelled out. The IT Act was amended in the year 2008 with four fold objectives. Interestingly, the draftsmen have admitted that the digital signatures prescribed for authentication of electronic records in the original IT Act are linked with specific technology, it has become necessary to provide for alternative technology of electronic signatures, nevertheless the original provision for digital signatures has been retained which has compounded the confusion. Furthermore, the Indian courts have not yet found any opportunity to appraise the impact of the provisions of the IT Act on substantive principles of contract formation codified in the Indian Contract Act, 1872. An analytical evaluation is therefore, needed to identify the issues raised by the information technology relating to contract formation, impact of the IT Act on the principles relating to contract formation provided in the Contract Act, and impact of non-inclusion of the principles governing e-commerce, provided in the Model Law but not reflected in the IT Act

Emerging Legal Issues of E-Commerce

Internet has unfolded a new market for businesses to explore and exploit. The enormous flexibility and speed of Internet makes it the most modern platform for businesses as well as consumers to execute business transactions. The goods and services of diverse nature are being offered to the businesses or to the consumers globally. The whole world has been converted in to the market to be available on the click of a mouse on the laptop or palmtop. To provide security and legal recognition to the transactions executed electronically, the Indian Parliament enacted the Information Technology Act, 2000 modeled on UNCITRAL\u27s Model Law, though it departs in many respects from the spirit of the Model Law. Immediately after the enactment of the IT Act, it was found that certain significant provisions are missing in this enactment; its provisions lack harmony and above all many legal issues have not been properly spelled out. The IT Act was amended in the year 2008 with four fold objectives. Interestingly, the draftsmen have admitted that the digital signatures prescribed for authentication of electronic records in the original IT Act are linked with specific technology, it has become necessary to provide for alternative technology of electronic signatures, nevertheless the original provision for digital signatures has been retained which has compounded the confusion. Furthermore, the Indian courts have not yet found any opportunity to appraise the impact of the provisions of the IT Act on substantive principles of contract formation codified in the Indian Contract Act, 1872. An analytical evaluation is therefore, needed to identify the issues raised by the information technology relating to contract formation, impact of the IT Act on the principles relating to contract formation provided in the Contract Act, and impact of non-inclusion of the principles governing e-commerce, provided in the Model Law but not reflected in the IT Act