Assessment of genetic diversity among some Iranian hazelnut genotypes using SSR markers

Abstract Studying genetic diversity is a preliminary step for conservation and utilization of germplasm. Talesh hills, located in Guilan province in northern part of Iran, are one of the main areas for natural distribution of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). Hazelnut trees in Talesh Mountains are a wild population (land race) and obtained from open-pollinated seedling. In this research, a population including 90 hazelnut samples was studied using 15 microsatellite markers. Totally, 98 polymorphic alleles were detected with an average of 6.53 alleles per locus. The lowest numbers of 3 alleles were observed in CaC-B005 and CaC-C114 and the highest number of 12 alleles in CaC-C101 locus. The average effective number of alleles (3.75), mean expected heterozygosity of (He=0.70) and average observed heterozygosity of (Ho=0.62) were estimated for studied loci. All loci showed high PIC with an average of 0.72 that the highest amount detected in CaC-B011 and CaC-B101 loci with values of 0.85 and 0.84, respectively. A dendrogram was generated by UPGMA clustering method that placed the 90 accessions into 7 main loose groups. According to the results a high genetic diversity was found in the studied population that mainly related to the hazelnut pollination nature that shows sporophytic incompatibility system enhancing out-crossing in natural populations

Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Correction:Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of Physico-biochemichal Characteristics of Fruits in New Varieties of Noushin and Shahin Mandarins During Storage

Introduction: According to a breeding program that was carried out in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Noushin (C. reticulata cv Clementine × C. sinensis cv. Salustiana) and Shahin (C. reticulata cv Clementine × C. sinensis cv. Hamlin) mandarins were released by using crossing method in 20-year program. In general, mandarins do not have the ability of being kept in common or cold storage for long time compared to oranges. The main problem is the change of fruit taste during storage, therefore, it is an attracted subject for researchers. Furthermore, storage temperature plays an important role in the quality of the taste of mandarins. The new released mandarins, which hve not been yet studied completely for their storability, need to be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fruit physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of Noushin and Shahin varieties in common and cold storages for two years. Materials and Methods: In this study, fruits of Noshin and Shahin mandarins were harvested at seasonal harvesting time and then placed in could storage (5 oC and 85% RH) and common storage (7-10 oC and 60-70 %RH) based on completely randomized design with three replications for 60 days every year. Fruits on days 0 (at harvesting time), 20, 40 and 60 of storage were sampled. Various physico-chemical and sensory characteristics were evaluated including iuice percentage, weight loss, peel color indices (L*, a*, b*, hue angle, chroma and CCI), total soluble solid (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), technological index (TI), skin disorder index (SDI), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total phenolic, ascorbic acid, antioxidant capacity and sensory parameters during experiment. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using statistical software MSTAT-C. Analysis of variance combined in a randomized complete design (two years) with three replications for each variety. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the amount of fruit weight loss and juice percentage did not show significant changes during storage. The ranges of weight loss in Noushin and Shahin varieties were 7-8% and 3.45-5.1%, respectively. Generally, peeling in Shahin was harder than Noushin but it gradually decreased until the end of storage. With the exception of citrus color index (CCI) in Noushin that was high at the beginning of storage, other color indices had no significant differences according to the type of variety and storage. Totally, TSS: TA ratio increased during storage depending on the type of storage, so that the ratio was higher (Noushin with 39.64 and Shahin with 13.34) in common storage than cold storage (Noushin with 31.04 and Shahin with 13.62) at the end of storage. Amount of electrical conductivity (EC) and technological index (TI) increased significantly in both varieties and storages. Shahin variety with 3.74 and 26.19% was so sensitive to rind disorder index and rind disorder percentage, respectively. Phenolic compounds in both varieties declined during both cold and common storages. The amount of reduction depends on the type of mandarin, with Shahin showing higher decline than Noushin variety. Besides, the content of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity in both peel and pulp showed a decreasing pattern with the passing of harvesting time during storage. According to sensory analysis, Noushin fruit can be stored in common storage for 20 days and in cold storage for 40 days. Moreover, results revealed that Shahin fruits did not have storability more than 40 days in common and cold storages. Conclusion: Generally, Noushin variety was sensitive to low moisture of the storage and fruits lost extra moisture during storage. Since Noshin was an early ripening variety, TSS: TA ratio increased rapidly at the end of storage. Although Noushin had the lowest ascorbic acid content but its fruit antioxidant capacity was higher than shahin at the end of storage. On contrast, Shahin was a mid-ripening variety with higher ascorbic acid content. On the other hand, shahin peel was so sensitive to skin disorder index (SDI), therefor it should not be maintained in low moisture and temperature storage. Based on sensory analysis and physicochemical measurements, Noushin can be stored for 20 days and shahin for 40 days in common and cold storage. Finally, we found that Noushin and Shahin cannot be maintained in storage longer than other mandarins

Analysis of the essential oils of Thymus kotschyanus L. (10 populations) from Iran

Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of their biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus kotschyanus seeds (10 populations) were collected from various provinces of Iran and transferred into a new uniform environment. This study was carried out at Badiei Research Station (Qom Province, Iran) in 2008, under field conditions. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The content of essential oils of this species was assessed during the flowering stage, and the chemical composition of the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS). According to populations, 17 components representing 84.57-97.08% of the total components, were identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in all samples (87.14- 98.93%). thymol (2.45-78.65%), carvacrol (1.84-49.38%), α-terpineol (1.79-17.1%), borneol (.68-3.8%), linalool (.5-39.05%), 1,8cineole (.53- 8.39%), p-cymene (.38 - 7.74%) represented the mager compounds. The highest oil yields were obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.5%) and Rudbar (2.3%) populations and lowest oil yields were obtained from Avan (1.1%) and Alamut (1.09%) populations. The highest level of thymol was obtained from Piranshahr (78.65%) and Semnan (60.80%) populations and lowest level of it obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.45%), Siahkal (3.95%) populations. The highest level of carvacrol was exist in Mazandaran 2 (49.38%) and Rudbar (39.68%) populations. In this study, the linalool and α-terpineol were found as the main constituents of essential oil

Analysis of the essential oils of Thymus kotschyanus L. (10 populations) from Iran

Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of their biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus kotschyanus seeds (10 populations) were collected from various provinces of Iran and transferred into a new uniform environment. This study was carried out at Badiei Research Station (Qom Province, Iran) in 2008, under field conditions. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The content of essential oils of this species was assessed during the flowering stage, and the chemical composition of the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS). According to populations, 17 components representing 84.57-97.08% of the total components, were identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in all samples (87.14- 98.93%). thymol (2.45-78.65%), carvacrol (1.84-49.38%), α-terpineol (1.79-17.1%), borneol (.68-3.8%), linalool (.5-39.05%), 1,8cineole (.53- 8.39%), p-cymene (.38 - 7.74%) represented the mager compounds. The highest oil yields were obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.5%) and Rudbar (2.3%) populations and lowest oil yields were obtained from Avan (1.1%) and Alamut (1.09%) populations. The highest level of thymol was obtained from Piranshahr (78.65%) and Semnan (60.80%) populations and lowest level of it obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.45%), Siahkal (3.95%) populations. The highest level of carvacrol was exist in Mazandaran 2 (49.38%) and Rudbar (39.68%) populations. In this study, the linalool and α-terpineol were found as the main constituents of essential oil

Analysis of The Essential Oils of Thymus Kotschyanus L. (10 POPULATIONS) FROM IRAN

Thymus species are well known as medicinal plants because of their biological and pharmacological properties. Thymus kotschyanus seeds (10 populations) were collected from various provinces of Iran and transferred into a new uniform environment. This study was carried out at Badiei Research Station (Qom Province, Iran) in 2008, under field conditions. The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The content of essential oils of this species was assessed during the flowering stage, and the chemical composition of the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS). According to populations, 17 components representing 84.57-97.08% of the total components, were identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes were the main group of constituents in all samples (87.14- 98.93%). thymol (2.45-78.65%), carvacrol (1.84-49.38%), α-terpineol (1.79-17.1%), borneol (.68-3.8%), linalool (.5-39.05%), 1,8cineole (.53- 8.39%), p-cymene (.38 - 7.74%) represented the mager compounds. The highest oil yields were obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.5%) and Rudbar (2.3%) populations and lowest oil yields were obtained from Avan (1.1%) and Alamut (1.09%) populations. The highest level of thymol was obtained from Piranshahr (78.65%) and Semnan (60.80%) populations and lowest level of it obtained from Mazandaran 2 (2.45%), Siahkal (3.95%) populations. The highest level of carvacrol was exist in Mazandaran 2 (49.38%) and Rudbar (39.68%) populations. In this study, the linalool and α-terpineol were found as the main constituents of essential oil

Effect of salinity and drought stress on germination indices of two thymus species

The environmental stress such as, salinity (soil or water) and drought are serious obstacles for medical plants and field crops in further areas of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions. In order to investigate salinity and drought stress on T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus germination indices, an experiment was carried out. To create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) at the levels of 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar, and for drought stress, polyetylenglycol 6000 (PEG 6000) in osmotic levels at 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar were used. Effect of drought and salt levels on investigated traits significant at 0.01. Result showed significance different between evaluated indices. Increasing of stress levels lead to reduction of germination and root and shoot length. Salt stress only in high levels reduced germination rate. Therefore, T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus have relative resistance to salinity in germination stage. Decrease in osmotic potential progressively inhibited seed germination of the two thyme species. In all salt treatments, maximum germination percentage in T. kotschyanus related to West Azerbaijan population and maximum germination rate related to Gazvin population. But in T. daenensis the highest values (both rate and percentage germination) were observed in Arak population. The germination rate of T. daenensis to the drought stress was more than the T. kotschyanus germination rate like the germination percentage. Comparing the two stresses, it appears that drought has more effect than salt in germination indices

Effect of salinity and drought stress on germination indices of two thymus species

The environmental stress such as, salinity (soil or water) and drought are serious obstacles for medical plants and field crops in further areas of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions. In order to investigate salinity and drought stress on T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus germination indices, an experiment was carried out. To create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) at the levels of 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar, and for drought stress, polyetylenglycol 6000 (PEG 6000) in osmotic levels at 0 (as control), -3, -6 and -9 bar were used. Effect of drought and salt levels on investigated traits significant at 0.01. Result showed significance different between evaluated indices. Increasing of stress levels lead to reduction of germination and root and shoot length. Salt stress only in high levels reduced germination rate. Therefore, T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus have relative resistance to salinity in germination stage. Decrease in osmotic potential progressively inhibited seed germination of the two thyme species. In all salt treatments, maximum germination percentage in T. kotschyanus related to West Azerbaijan population and maximum germination rate related to Gazvin population. But in T. daenensis the highest values (both rate and percentage germination) were observed in Arak population. The germination rate of T. daenensis to the drought stress was more than the T. kotschyanus germination rate like the germination percentage. Comparing the two stresses, it appears that drought has more effect than salt in germination indices