Le dépistage organisé du cancer du sein dans le canton de Vaud : analyse médico-économique de la troisième lecture des mammographies de dépistage versus deux lectures prévues par la tarification TarMed 2004

[Table des matières] 1. Introduction générale et enjeu d'une telle analyse de coûts. 2. Quelques notions de base sur le dépistage, et en particulier celui du cancer du sein. 3. Le programme vaudois de dépistage organisé du cancer du sein. 4. Une lecture de la base de données : un arbre à six branches. 5. Feed-back des médecins à la fondation. 6. Une première évaluation de l'impact de la troisième lecture. 7. L'enjeu financier de deux lectures. 8. Un artifice pour le calcul du coût de cette entreprise. 9. Application du tarif TarMed aux investigations enregistrées par la fondation. 10. Conclusion

Purification of three rat atrial natriuretic factors and their amino acid composition

AbstractA natriuretic factor has been described in the specific granules of rat atria. We have purified three factors which seem to be low-Mr peptides. They have been purified by means of acid extraction, octadecyl Sep-Pak cartridges, and chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10, CM Bio-Gel A, Mono S and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography columns. The factors contain 26, 31 and 33 amino acids and may have been partially degraded during isolation. They are all 3 biologically active and the shorter one is the most active with a specific activity of 450000 units/mg

The human papillomavirus type 18 E6 oncoprotein induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 121 (VEGF121) transcription from the promoter through a p53-independent mechanism

Altered angiogenic response is associated with high-grade cervical dysplasia and with invasive squamous carcinoma of the cervix. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent inducers of angiogenesis and is up-regulated in carcinoma of the cervix. Infection by high-risk human papillomavirus and persistent expression of viral oncogene E6 are etiologically linked to the development of cervical cancer. E6 is able to immortalize cells and induce malignant transformation by inactivating p53. In cervical cancer, regulation of VEGF expression is poorly described. Thus, we investigated whether E6 oncoprotein could regulate VEGF expression in HPV18-positive cervical cancer-derived HeLa cells harboring a wild-type p53. The alternative splicing of vegf mRNA renders three major isoforms of 121, 165 and 189 amino-acids in humans. We have designed isoform specific real time QRT-PCR assays to quantitate vegf transcripts and VEGF121 was the predominant isoform. Silencing HPV18 E6 mRNA with specific siRNA reduced VEGF121 expression by at least 50% whereas silencing of p53 did not alter its expression. Treatment with cycloheximide did not inhibit E6-induced VEGF121 expression. Collectively, these results suggest that HPV18 E6 oncoprotein contributes to tumor angiogenesis by inducing VEGF transcription from the promoter in a p53-independent manner

Neutralitätsrechtliche Einordnung der schweizerischen Sanktionen gegen Russland im Ukraine-Krieg

Der Erlass von Sanktionen gegen Kriegsparteien ist grundsätzlich mit dem Neutralitätsrecht vereinbar. Der veraltete rechtliche Rahmen und eine uneinheitliche Praxis der permanent neutralen Staaten ermöglichen es, dass die Schweiz ihre Sanktionspolitik weiterführen kann, ohne das neutralitätsrechtliche Gleichbehandlungsgebot zu verletzen.Sanctions against belligerents is in principle compatible with the law of neutrality. The insufficient codification of the latter and an inconsistent general practise by other permanent neutral States enable Switzerland to pursue its sanctions policy, without breaching the principle of equal treatment as defined by the law of neutrality.L’adoption de sanctions contre des belligérants est en principe compatible avec le droit de la neutralité. La nature archaïque de celui-ci et une pratique hétérogène d’autres États permanentement neutres permettent à la Suisse de poursuivre sa politique actuelle, sans violer le devoir de traitement équitable défini par le droit de la neutralité

L’illusion ouvrière. Ordre et conflits moraux dans la représentation politique à l’Assemblée constituante de 1848 (France)

La participation des catégories sociales dites ouvrières à l’Assemblée constituante de 1848 est souvent envisagée depuis l’interprétation de Karl Marx formulée dans Les Luttes de classes en France (1850) comme l’échec du mouvement ouvrier dans l’obtention d’une représentation politique effective de ses intérêts. En sous-estimant les expériences subjectives de la représentation politique, l’interprétation marxiste projette une conception normative et essentialiste de l’activité politique des prétendus représentants ouvriers. Afin de nuancer cette perspective, la présente thèse s’appuie sur la théorie de la reconnaissance élaborée par Axel Honneth (1992). Mobilisant diverses sources archivistiques, la thèse propose d’observer la prétention à la représentation dite ouvrière par le biais de ceux qui s’en réclament, en interrogeant notamment les formes de sa légitimation à l’Assemblée constituante de 1848. L’illusion ouvrière, concept introduit dans cette thèse, permet de comprendre autrement la complexité des mondes sociaux en 1848 en décrivant comment certains individus s’approprient l’identité ouvrière à des fins politiques stratégiques. Plaçant les expériences subjectives au cœur de l’analyse, la thèse invite à questionner différemment l’ombre portée de la représentation politique et donne à voir une perspective critique sur la représentation politique catégorielle et ses aspirations à l’inclusion en 1848. -- The participation of so-called working-class social categories in the 1848 Constituent Assembly is often viewed in light of Karl Marx's interpretation formulated in The Class Struggles in France (1850) as the failure of the working-class movement to achieve effective political representation for its interests. By underestimating the subjective experiences of political representation, the Marxist interpretation projects a normative and essentialist conception of the political activity of purported working-class representatives. To add nuance to this perspective, the present thesis relies on the theory of recognition developed by Axel Honneth (1992). Drawing on various archival sources, this thesis aims to examine the assertion of so-called working-class representation by those who advocate for it. This involves a notable examination of the forms of its legitimation in the 1848 Constituent Assembly. The concept of l’illusion ouvrière, introduced in this thesis, provides a different understanding of the complexity of social worlds in 1848 by describing how certain individuals appropriate the working-class identity for strategic political purposes. Placing subjective experiences at the heart of the analysis, the thesis invites us to question the shadow cast by political representation in a different way, and offers a critical perspective on categorical political representation and its aspirations for inclusion in 1848

The increased expression of fatty acid-binding protein 9 in prostate cancer and its prognostic significance

In contrast to numerous studies conducted to investigate the crucial role of fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) in prostate cancer, investigations on the possible involvement of other FABPs are rare. Here we first measured the mRNA levels of 10 FABPs in benign and malignant prostate cell lines and identified the differentially expressed FABP6 and FABP9 mRNAs whose levels in all malignant cell lines were higher than those in the benign cells. Thereafter we assessed the expression status of FABP6 and FABP9 in both prostate cell lines and in human tissues. FABP6 protein was overexpressed only in 1 of the 5 malignant cell lines and its immunostaining intensities were not significantly different between benign and malignant prostate tissues. In contrast, FABP9 protein was highly expressed in highly malignant cell lines PC-3 and PC3-M, but its level in the benign PNT-2 and other malignant cell lines was not detectable. When analysed in an archival set of human prostate tissues, immunohistochemical staining intensity for FABP9 was significantly higher in carcinomas than in benign cases and the increase in FABP9 was significantly correlated with reduced patient survival times. Moreover, the increased level of staining for FABP9 was significantly associated with the increased joint Gleason scores (GS) and androgen receptor index (AR). Suppression of FABP9 expression in highly malignant PC3-M cells inhibited their invasive potential. Our results suggest that FABP9 is a valuable prognostic marker to predict the outcomes of prostate cancer patients, perhaps by playing an important role in prostate cancer cell invasion