Étude psycholinguistique des capacités pragmatiques du langage chez les enfants de cinq à dix ans

Le but de cet article est de présenter certaines données sur les formes linguistiques employées par des enfants de 5:6, 8:6 et 10:6 ans regroupés en dyades, dans une situation de jeu de rôle. Les données ont été analysées en termes d’actes de langage et des concordances ont été établies pour faire ressortir les formes de surface servant à accomplir un sous-ensemble d’actes illocutionnaires produits dans le corpus. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus sur la moitié du corpus montrent une légère diversification des formes linguistiques pour un même acte illocutionnaire et une utilisation plus grande de formes plus complexes chez les plus âgés. Les indices paralinguistiques ont tendance à décroître avec l’âge; pour leur part, les enfants plus âgés ont recours à ces moyens de façon plus sélective. Les résultats sont interprétés dans le cadre des théories sur le développement du langage à la fois du point de vue pragmatique linguistique et socio-cognitif.This article presents data on linguistic and paralinguistic forms used by three groups of children aged 5:6, 8:6, 10:6 years in a situation of dyadic role play. The data were analysed in terms of speech act types and concordances were established documenting the surface forms associated with each speech act type (illocutionary force). The results show a diversification of linguistic forms and an increasing use of more complex forms with age. Paralinguistic forms of expression tend to decrease with age, while older chidren tend to be more selective in the use of these forms. The results are interpreted with reference to both pragmatic linguistic and socio-cognitive theories of langage development

Meeting the Unique Needs of Twice-Exceptional Learners

Differentiating instruction for all learners is a tremendous challenge for educators in the elementary setting. This is especially difficult when students have disabilities or are gifted. In some cases, students have both and are therefore labeled as twice-exceptional. These students need special accommodations to be successful in the classroom. This paper analyzed a variety of qualitative and quantitative studies to determine the importance of using a variety of testing and observation methods to identify twice-exceptional learners, outline appropriate accommodations to support twice-exceptional learners, describe the importance of key stakeholders’ involvement in the process, and describe the effects of identification and programming on twice-exceptional learners’ self-esteem. The literature showed that a variety of assessment and observation measures needed to be utilized to identify twice-exceptional learners. In addition, twice-exceptional students succeeded when their teachers made appropriate accommodations and highlighted their gifts. Lastly, it was determined from the literature the effects of the twice-exceptional label on students’ self-esteem was mixed. Overall, the involvement of key stakeholders, implementing appropriate interventions and accommodations, and highlighting students’ gifts provided success for twice-exceptional learners

Boomtown to Outdoor Museum: An Examination of Nevada City, Montana, for Placement on the National Register of Historic Places

This thesis presents a study of Nevada City, Montana to examine the eligibility potential for a historic district nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Founded in 1863, Nevada City experienced a gold mining heyday from 1863-1869. As easily attainable placers diminished and strikes were reported elsewhere, the town was nearly abandoned. Many of the remaining buildings were demolished, used for firewood, or salvaged by Nevada City\u27s remaining residents. Senator Charles Bovey began preservation work in 1944 at nearby Virginia City, Montana. Bovey had already amassed several buildings and countless artifacts that he had on display at the Great Falls Fairgrounds as the Old Town exhibit. In the late 1950s Bovey was asked to remove his exhibit from the fairgrounds. He purchased several acres of land containing what remained of Nevada City and began relocating buildings to Nevada City\u27s vacant lots in 1958. By the end of the Bovey era (1958-1978) the museum contained over 100 structures. The collection of original, relocated, and reconstructed buildings were intended to represent the 1860s-1900 period of Montana’s history. In 1997 the State of Montana purchased Bovey\u27s Nevada City and Virginia City properties and artifacts to continue the preservation and tourist legacy begun in 1944. Research methods for this project required the analysis of books, articles, archaeology reports, and primary historical documents. This research was conducted to place the outdoor museum within its historical context and to explore Nevada City\u27s NRHP eligibility. Historic contexts associated with Nevada City include nineteenth-century westward migration in the American Mining West, with subthemes including historic mining and related commerce, along with mining ghost town tourism. NRHP Criteria A, B, C, D, and Criterion Considerations B and G, were found to be applicable for eligibility determination. A successful district nomination for Nevada City’s eligible buildings will include a categorized building list for the entire outdoor museum, as well as clearly defined historic context and applicable NRHP criteria and considerations. Ineligible buildings will be included as non-contributing entities, with the understanding that as they reach their 50 year mark (in age or in situ) they will be considered contributing

Self-concept and peer relationships of mentally retarded and learning disabled children

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to explore recent research concerning the self-concept of mentally retarded children and learning disabled children and (2) to review research concerning the types of relationships these exceptional children are able to build with their regular education peers

Melting Point Studies of Binary Mixtures of Barbowax 4000 and 1500 and Various Waxes in an Air Chamber

While selecting the subject of research for this thesis the author had the opportunity to consult several thesis conducted at Marquette University on the melting points of waxes

Chickens in the archaeological material culture of Roman Britain, France, and Belgium.

Chickens first arrived in northwest Europe in the Iron Age, but it was during the Roman period that they became a prominent part of life. Previous research on the domestication and spread of chickens has focused on the birds themselves, with little discussion of their impact on the beliefs and symbolism of the affected cultures. However, an animal that people interact with so regularly influences more than simply their diet, and begins to creep into their cultural lexicon. What did chickens mean to the people of Roman Britain, France, and Belgium? The physical remains of these birds are the clearest sign that people were keeping them, and fragments of eggshell suggest they were being used for their secondary products as well as for their meat. By expanding zooarchaeological research beyond the physical remains to encompass the material culture these people left behind, it is possible to explore answers to this question of the social and cultural roles of chickens and their meaning and importance to people in the Roman world. Other species, most notably horses, have received some attention in this area, but little has been done with chickens. Studies of depictions on various types of artefacts have touched on chickens alongside other species, but they rarely play a central role. Rather than starting with a single type of object and exploring all of the concepts it embraces, this study starts with a concept, namely the social perception of chickens, and draws from objects regardless of typology. A database of artefacts depicting or relating to chickens was compiled from Late Iron Age and Roman sites in the project area. A total of 508 artefacts, including metal- detected finds, were identified from approximately 270 sites in England, Scotland, and Wales, and 1368 artefacts were identified from approximately 200 sites in France and Belgium. These objects include jewellery, fine pottery, sculpture, and standalone figurines from sites across the region. The majority represented single birds, but some accompanied human figures, often representations of Mercury, and others included additional images with potential symbolic synergy. This collection of chicken-related artefacts shows that the chicken had a role that extended beyond the next meal, linking them with deities, such as Mercury, and ideals, such as virility and abundance, which people may have tried to connect with by owning such items. Through careful contextual and iconographic analysis of these objects, this thesis places chickens into the cultural landscape of Roman Britain, France, and Belgium, and allows their role and meaning within peoples’ social consciousness to be better understood. Chickens were depicted throughout the Roman period, appearing across both of these provinces in a variety of styles and materials that suggested that they a wide appeal across social classes. That they appear so often on personal objects and less on monumental, institutionalised artwork suggests that the symbolism they embodied arose from within those cultures in a bottom-up fashion rather than being pushed down from above. They are not as strongly linked with the underworld or the sun as they are often claimed to be, but rather show an association with wealth and prosperity and likely acted as a symbol of luck and good fortune

Advanced development of ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging methods and their utilization towards the understanding of metabolic diseases

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS) technologies offer a unique opportunity to bring the specificity and sensitivity of MS into clinics, potentially allowing rapid analyses of biospecimens without need for sample preparation or highly trained personnel. As these technologies offer significant advantages over current technologies in terms of speed and suitability for a hospital environment, ambient ionization methods have been applied to a wide variety of clinical applications such as disease diagnosis, therapeutic drug monitoring, and biomarker discovery. Despite these successes, there remain challenges for these methods to overcome before they can be relied upon for routine analysis of patient samples. Prior to their use by physicians to inform decisions regarding patient care, ambient ionization MS technologies must be robust, versatile, and be shown to improve patient outcomes by providing information that is lacking in current standard of care procedures. This dissertation serves to outline recent advancements made towards the improvements of ambient ionization MS technologies as well as the application of these techniques towards disease indications that have yet to be explored. Chapter 2 provides data and discussion about how relative humidity can contribute to variability and poor data quality during desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MS experiments, providing essential information about how atmospheric conditions can contribute to the robustness of the technique. Chapters 3 and 4 present methods for integration of new separation and fragmentation techniques with ambient ionization methods in order to increase the amount of information that can be gathered from a biological specimen. Finally, Chapter 5 presents results from the utilization of DESI-MS imaging towards understanding endometriosis, a chronic gynecological condition that has limited diagnosis and treatment options for patients. The entirety of this work aims to discuss how further improvements to ambient ionization MS technologies can make them useful for understanding a wider variety of disease processes and the progress that is being made to this end.Chemistr

Mapping the field of military nursing research 1990–2013: A bibliometric review

BACKGROUND: Over the past 20 years, military forces worldwide have been engaged in a number of conflicts and humanitarian operations and the impact of this on the field of military nursing research is unknown. The aim of this bibliometric review was to investigate the research field of military nursing in the main databases with the purpose to describe trends in military nursing research since 1990. OBJECTIVES: To identify military nursing papers in the main databases and to describe the field of military nursing research for the period 1990–2013 in terms of research productivity, trends in topic focus, trends in authorship and country of publication. METHOD: Bibliometric review of published military nursing research papers was undertaken in March 2014 and data was extracted and coded and trends were analyzed using SPSSv21. RESULTS: In total 237 articles were included in the review. The majority of publications emanating from America (n = 175, 73.8%) and the quantity of papers has increased significantly since the commencement of the second Gulf War in Iraq from 2003 onwards (n = 156, 65.8%). This has been accompanied by a shift in topic focus from professional (n = 16, 20.3%) and occupational issues (n = 17, 21.5%) pre 2003, to clinical (n = 48, 30.4%) and an increase in multidisciplinary research from 4% in 1990–94 to 29% in 2010–13. The mean citations were 10.6 (sd 17.0) and the mean references per paper post 2003 showed a marked increase from 23.5 to 25.4. CONCLUSION: The military nursing research field appears stronger than it has been in the past twenty years and has demonstrated increased transferability to other fields. To maintain this momentum and further develop the field of military nursing research, military forces worldwide need to devise focused nursing research strategies that involve international and multidisciplinary collaboration.Department of HE and Training approved lis

Scourge or Sustenance: Using microfauna to explore the palaeoenvironment and palaeoeconomics of Epipalaeolithic and early Neolithic communities in Anatolia.

Microfaunal assemblages from three important sites in Central Anatolia which straddle the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene were analysed. The sites studied were: Çatalhöyük, a large proto-urban settlement (c7100-5950 cal. BCE); Boncuklu Höyük, a small early Neolithic village (c8300-7800 cal. BCE), and Pınarbaşı, a transitory rock-shelter site (14150-11000 cal. BCE), with a settled early Neolithic settlement (9800-7800 cal. BCE), and a transitory late Neolithic phase (6500-6000 cal. BCE). The assemblages were analysed in order to: reconstruct the palaeoenvironment; identify whether microfauna were used as part of a broad-spectrum economy; determine if anthrodependent species such as the house mouse were present at either Boncuklu or Pınarbaşı indicating sedentism, and to establish if any of the species recovered were utilised in ritual practices, as has been previously noted at Çatalhöyük. The assemblages from Çatalhöyük and Boncuklu were not suitable for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction because of the impact of humans on the assemblage accumulation. At Çatalhöyük, the proto-urban nature of the settlement created an anthrodependent niche which was exploited by the house mouse, almost to the exclusion of all other species. At Boncuklu, the assemblage was dominated by frogs, with taphonomic evidence showing they were part of the human diet. As such, neither of these assemblages was necessarily indicative of the local ecology. The seasonally occupied, Epipalaeolithic levels at Pınarbaşı were more reflective of the species present in the ecotonal rock-shelter site, however the early Neolithic settlement also showed evidence of frog consumption. The microfaunal assemblages from Boncuklu and the early Neolithic phase of occupation at Pınarbaşı provided conclusive evidence that frogs were being eaten. At Boncuklu, anura remains were also recovered from human coprolite samples, providing direct evidence of consumption. Taphonomic signatures on water voles at Boncuklu, and snakes at Epipalaeolithic Pınarbaşı also suggest that these animals were being eaten by people. Further ritual incorporation of scats into burials was not found during this round of research, however curation of the scats of small carnivores by people is evidenced by anthropogenic contexts with high numbers of microfauna, such as niche infill. Whether the small carnivore scats were collected for a ritual purpose, or a mundane one remains unknown, however the practice was not widespread and appears to be spatially restricted. At Boncuklu, mice were recovered in small numbers from building contexts, and geometric morphometric analysis showed these to be house mice, making them the earliest house mice specimens in Anatolia, pre-dating those at Çatalhöyük by over 1000 years. Evidence for human impact on house mouse populations at Çatalhöyük were also discovered, with specimens from a single building exhibiting molar shape change consistent with that of an isolated island population. The analysis of these assemblages has shown that microfauna can provide a significant level of information, not only on the palaeoenvironment, but on how people utilised these animals as food resources, the effects settlements had on the wider landscape with habitat partitioning taking effect, and the impact these small animals had on settlements as pest species