Les banquiers centraux dans la construction européenne : introduction

International audienceLes banquiers centraux semblent aujourd’hui solidement installés au cœur de notre monde contemporain. L’unification monétaire européenne à l’orée du XXIe siècle n’a pas correspondu pour les banques centrales à « une fin de l’histoire ». La création de la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) le 1er juin 1998 et la formation le 1er janvier 1999 du Système européen de banques centrales, en application du Traité de Maastricht, marquent sans aucun doute une étape importante dans le cours d’une évolution multiséculaire, commencée au début du XIXe siècle pour les plus anciennes des banques centrales en Europe, voire plus tôt encore comme dans le cas de la Banque d’Angleterre créée en 1694 ou encore de la Banque de Suède, la doyenne des banques centrales, fondée dès 1668. La longue histoire des banques nationales d’émission, comme on les appelle avant 1914, est inséparable de l’histoire de la construction des États-nation. La Banque de France, comme le rappelle Vincent Auriol en 1936 comme encore Georges Pompidou en 1970, devait être et demeurer « la Banque de la France »

Governance and City Regions

City-regions are areas where the daily journeys for work, shopping and leisure frequently cross administrative boundaries. They are seen as engines of the national economy, but are also facing congestion and disparities. Thus, all over the world, governments attempt to increase problem-solving capacities in city-regions by institutional reform and a shift of functions. This book analyses the recent reforms and changes in the governance of city-regions in France, Germany and Italy. It covers themes such as the impact of austerity measures, territorial development, planning and state modernisation. The authors provide a systematic cross-country perspective on two levels, between six city-regions and between the national policy frameworks in these three countries. They use a solid comparative framework, which refers to the four dimensions functions, institutions and governance, ideas and space. They describe the course of the reforms, the motivations and the results, and consequently, they question the widespread metropolitan fever or resurgence of city-regions and provide a better understanding of recent changes in city-regional governance in Europe. The primary readership will be researchers and master students in planning, urban studies, urban geography, political science and governance studies, especially those interested in metropolitan regions and / or decentralisation. Due to the uniqueness of the work, the book will be of particular interest to scholars working on the comparative European dimension of territorial governance and planning

TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS BY HOLOGRAPHY

A five-year cooperation is described in which the German partner provided the test method with real time holography and the Hungarian partner - using its technological experience - designed and made the printed circuit and hybrid microelectronic samples to be investigated. The results give better insight to the reliability of the above mentioned structures since the deformations caused mainly by thermal stresses are readily observable

Defining co-production: a review of the planning literature

Co-production is a concept that is becoming increasingly popular across various fields including planning. This article reviews planning literature on co-production and reveals that the term has not been well defined. The existing definitions are inconsistent and ambiguous, requiring more conceptual clarity to avoid contention. Based on the systematic literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the article identifies seven dimensions within the current definitions of co-production: (1) actor, (2) reason, (3) input, (4) output, (5) phase, (6) means, and (7) context. This article concludes by proposing a conceptual and analytical framework for defining co-production in planning theory and practice

Governance and City Regions

City-regions are areas where the daily journeys for work, shopping and leisure frequently cross administrative boundaries. They are seen as engines of the national economy, but are also facing congestion and disparities. Thus, all over the world, governments attempt to increase problem-solving capacities in city-regions by institutional reform and a shift of functions. This book analyses the recent reforms and changes in the governance of city-regions in France, Germany and Italy. It covers themes such as the impact of austerity measures, territorial development, planning and state modernisation. The authors provide a systematic cross-country perspective on two levels, between six city-regions and between the national policy frameworks in these three countries. They use a solid comparative framework, which refers to the four dimensions functions, institutions and governance, ideas and space. They describe the course of the reforms, the motivations and the results, and consequently, they question the widespread metropolitan fever or resurgence of city-regions and provide a better understanding of recent changes in city-regional governance in Europe. The primary readership will be researchers and master students in planning, urban studies, urban geography, political science and governance studies, especially those interested in metropolitan regions and / or decentralisation. Due to the uniqueness of the work, the book will be of particular interest to scholars working on the comparative European dimension of territorial governance and planning

Co-production in the urban setting: fostering definitional and conceptual clarity through comparative research

Co-production is a concept which is increasingly popular in the planning field to refer to multi-stakeholder collaboration and partnership with citizens. However, the existing literature suggests that the rapid growth of the concept has resulted in ambiguity about its meaning. Given that the concept has a potential in planning research and practice, the thematic issue aims to present studies that use comparative approaches as a way to sharpen the understanding of co-production. The issue includes one commentary and six articles with empirical evidence from various countries across the world. The editorial provides overarching context and introduces each contribution of the issue

Co-Production in the Urban Setting: Fostering Definitional and Conceptual Clarity Through Comparative Research

Co-production is a concept which is increasingly popular in the planning field to refer to multi-stakeholder collaboration and partnership with citizens. However, the existing literature suggests that the rapid growth of the concept has resulted in ambiguity about its meaning. Given that the concept has a potential in planning research and practice, the thematic issue aims to present studies that use comparative approaches as a way to sharpen the understanding of co-production. The issue includes one commentary and six articles with empirical evidence from various countries across the world. The editorial provides overarching context and introduces each contribution of the issue

Empirical Findings from an Ascending Stair Evacuation Exercise in a Subway Station

Crowd simulations have proven to be a valuable numerical tool for evacuation analysis. There is series of research and empirical evacuation studies for infrastructures and buildings. In contrast to research on evacuation via descending stairs, little attention has been given to ascending stairs, but they are an important criterion, especially in subway stations with high passenger frequencies. In this paper, we present the findings from an evacuation exercise in a subway station with long ascending stairs. The empirical findings showed an increasing walking time on the ascending stairs during evacuation. Also, the flow rate differs with higher flow rates at the beginning of the stairs and lower values at the end of the stairs. The mechanism behind these results has still to be investigated, but the findings already provide an interesting basis for modelling and validating evacuation simulations over long ascending stairs

Return of the metro-model? : Governance and planning in metropolitan regions under change. An international comparison of France, Italy and Germany

The governance of metropolitan regions is currently re-defined in many European states due to changes in the welfare states and ever-increasing global competition. In some states such as France and Italy, but also in Germany we observe the emergence of scale-specific governance arrangements and planning policies, partially bottom-up and contingent upon regional contexts, partially triggered by incentives and legislation of the central government. Italy and France, for instance, have recently adopted national laws introducing new institutional forms for metropolitan regions, the Métropole and Città Metropolitana. In the federal state of Germany, there is no such thing but there have been soft incentives of the national level leading to the nomination of eleven Europäische Metropolregionen. This chapter compares the recent developments in France, Italy and Germany and seeks to answer the question of who and what drives metropolitan reforms.En molts estats europeus actualment s'està redefinint la governança de les regions metropolitanes a causa dels canvis en els estats de benestar i a una competència global cada vegada més gran. En alguns estats com França i Itàlia, però també a Alemanya, observem el sorgiment d'acords de governança i de polítiques de planificació específics per a aquest tipus de regions, en uns casos sorgits bottom-up i dependents dels contextos regionals, i altres vegades activats pels incentius i la legislació del govern central. Itàlia i França, per exemple, han adoptat recentment lleis nacionals que introdueixen noves formes institucionals per a les regions metropolitanes: Métropole i Città Metropolitana. En l'estat federal d'Alemanya, no existeix tal cosa, però hi ha hagut incentius a nivell nacional que porten a l'establiment d'onze Europäische Metropolregionen. Aquest article compara els desenvolupaments recents a França, Itàlia i Alemanya i busca respondre la pregunta de què i qui impulsa les reformes metropolitanes.En muchos estados europeos actualmente se está redefiniendo la gobernanza de las regiones metropolitanas debido a los cambios en los estados de bienestar y a una competencia global cada vez mayor. En algunos estados como Francia e Italia, pero también en Alemania, observamos el surgimiento de acuerdos de gobernanza y de políticas de planificación específicos para este tipo de regiones, en unos casos surgidos bottom-up y dependientes de los contextos regionales, y otras veces activados por los incentivos y la legislación del gobierno central. Italia y Francia, por ejemplo, han adoptado recientemente leyes nacionales que introducen nuevas formas institucionales para las regiones metropolitanas, Métropole y Città Metropolitana. En el estado federal de Alemania, no existe tal cosa, pero ha habido incentivos a nivel nacional que llevan al establecimiento de once Europäische Metropolregionen. Este artículo compara los desarrollos recientes en Francia, Italia y Alemania y busca responder la pregunta de qué y quién impulsa las reformas metropolitanas

The development of metropolises in Germany and France

The evolution of city regions and metropolises in both countries illustrates the theoretical debates on this particular geographical object. Political legitimacy, significant autonomy and a 'relevant' territorial area should form the basis of these regions. But there is a long way to go from this theoretical vision to practice. In Germany, a slow and contingent bottom-up process can be observed, whereas in France, following a long history of intermunicipality, institutional metropolises are emerging (MAPTAM law of 2014). Metropolregionen and métropoles thus differ. Germany shows incomplete and variable forms of metropolitan organisation, whereas French metropolises are satisfied with simple criteria of competences and resources. However, these 'intermunicipal' métropoles (one exception: Lyon) can also be compared with the large German cities, which are highly individualised political entities, with the city-states (e. g. Hamburg) being the most extreme cases. Two examples, Frankfurt and Lille, illustrate the comparison